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Maryland Stem Cell Center Consortium and Core Facility …

Posted: August 12, 2016 at 4:48 pm

In order to take advantage of the potential of stem cells for the purposes of regenerative medicine, robust standardized methods are required to generate sufficient quantities of stem cells that meet defined criteria for specific stem/progenitor cell populations.

Currently, the availability of these cells for research, drug screening and therapeutic use is limited due to technical challenges associated with their generation and expansion. On May 3, 2011, The University of Maryland School of Medicines Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Paragon Bioservices, Inc., a contract research and GMP manufacturing company, received a Biotechnology Shared Resource Award from the state of Maryland to establish The Maryland Stem Cell Consortium to facilitate the research, commercial development and clinical application of stem cell based technologies and therapies. A key component of the consortium is the establishment of a stem cell core facility that has expertise to expand and differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and other types of stem cells for laboratory and clinical research under GLP/GMP conditions, as needed. This core facility is open to all, without intellectual property reach-through. Cell banking and genetic modification of stem cells is also available. The core services are available on a fee-for-service model that is open to the wider stem cell community, public and private, especially in the state of Maryland. Life Technologies, Inc., a global biotechnology company that is a provider of scientific products and reagents, is also participating in the consortium and providing training opportunities for research scientists.

As a founding member of the consortium, the University of Maryland School of Medicine Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine is committed to developing strong interactions between academia and the private sector and seeks to facilitate the partnering of faculty expertise with that of the external private and public sectors. The Center faculty are interested in the analysis of molecular pathways regulating basic stem cell biology, characterization of stem and progenitor cell properties to improve expansion of stem cells for transplantation, optimization of directed differentiation of pluripotent cells into distinct cell lineages, functional characterization of differentiated cells and testing the translational potential of stem cell and their progeny. Taking advantage of patient material from the University of Maryland Hospital System (a network of 12 hospitals centered at the adjacent ~1000-bed University of Maryland Medical Center plus the Baltimore Veterans Administration Hospital), Center faculty are establishing induced pluripotent stem models for human disease, such as Gauchers Disease. The Centers researchers are also using mesenchymal stem cells for repair of a range of tissue types; and several of our cardiologists and cardiac surgeons are involved in clinical trials to test stem cell-mediated cardiac repair. Via the Maryland Stem Cell Consortium, we hope to encourage productive scientific and intellectual interactions between researchers in academia, government and private sectors to accelerate stem cell related discoveries and their translation into much-needed treatments.

If you would like more information about the Maryland Stem Cell Consortium or are interested in participating, please contact the Center.

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About Stem Cell Therapy in Scottsdale, Phoenix, AZ

Posted: August 12, 2016 at 4:45 pm

Home About Stem Cell Therapy

The Scottsdale Stem Cell Treatment Center provides stem cell therapy for residents of Scottsdale, Phoenix and the surrounding Arizona communities.

Stem-cell therapy is an intervention strategy that introduces new adult stem cells into damaged tissue in order to treat disease or injury. Many medical researchers believe that stem-cell treatments have the potential to change the face of human disease and alleviate suffering. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and give rise to subsequent generations with variable degrees of differentiation capacities offers significant potential for generation of tissues that can potentially replace diseased and damaged areas in the body, with minimal risk of rejection and side effects.

This section will discuss:

And ask the question:

The Cell Surgical Network and its affiliate treatment centers are not offering stem cell therapy as a cure for any condition, disease, or injury. No statements or implied treatments on this website have been evaluated or approved by the FDA. This website contains no medical advice. All statements and opinions provided by this website are provided for educational and informational purposes only and we do not diagnose or treat via this website or via telephone. The Cell Surgical Network and its affiliate treatment centers are offering patient funded research to provide individual patients with Stromal Vascular Fraction that contains their own autologous stem cells and growth factors and the treatment centers provide surgical procedures only and are not involved in the use or manufacture of any investigational drugs.

The Cell Surgical network does not claim that any applications, or potential applications, using autologous stem cells are approved by the FDA, or are even effective. We do not claim that these treatments work for any listed nor unlisted condition, intended or implied. Its important for potential patients to do their own research based on the options that we present so that one can make an informed decision. Any decision to participate in our patient funded experimental protocols is completely voluntary.

ATTENTION: If you have ANY concern with stromal vascular fraction, any of our products, methods, website, or technique and think we may be violating any U.S. law, pleasecontact usso that we can investigate the matter or concern immediately.

The Scottsdale Stem Cell Treatment Center provides cutting-edge care for patients in Scottsdale, Phoenix and the surrounding Arizona communities with a wide variety of degenerative disorders using adult stem cell regenerative therapy.

Marvin Borsand, D.O., F.A.C.O.S, F.A.A.C.S. is focused on providing you with the most innovative techniques and advanced procedures for harvesting and deploying adult stem cells from your own fat.

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Adult Stem Cells Help Ease Arthritis – Stem Cell Research

Posted: August 11, 2016 at 9:49 pm

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Dr. Max Gomez of WCBS TV reports on a clinic near Denver, Colorado that is using adult stem cells to treat osteo-arthritis of the knee, hip, ankle, and even back pain. Dr. Christopher Centeno and two of his patients discuss the process and their experience.

One patient, 52-year-old Robert Wilson, was facing knee replacements in his near future until discovering the new stem cell treatment which uses his own adult stem cells harvested from bone marrow in his hip. After the stem cells are extracted, they're brought to the lab where they're grown in special tissue cultures to multiply their numbers. Wilson now receives a series of injections that deposit his stem cells in the arthritic areas, and because they're his own stem cells, there's no risk of rejection or contracting infectious diseases.

Dr. Centeno says that the stem cells are used to form new cartilage or even repair torn ligaments. "They actually may make new cartilage or repair a ligament by becoming a piece of that ligament or a tendon or a bone if there was a defect in bone," he said. The stem cell treatments have been successful in other cases as well. Knee MRI's of other patients have shown where new cartilage is growing in and x-rays of broken arms that wouldn't heal have revealed new bone after stem cell injections.

Because of the growing use of stem cells in clinical therapy, the concept of people collecting and storing their own stem cells is growing in popularity. An advantage to storing or using ones own stem cells is that there's no risk of rejection or contracting infectious disease. There are clinical trials showing promising results using adult stem cells for heart failure, diabetes, lupus, MS and even macular degeneration.

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Adult Stem Cells – Breakthrough Stem Cell Enhancer Product …

Posted: August 11, 2016 at 6:50 am

The First Stem Cell Enhancement Product Available to Consumers Supports the Natural Release of Adult Stem Cells Into the Bloodstream

A stem cell is like a newborn cell which has not yet decided exactly what kind of cell it will eventually become. After a male sperm cell fertilizes an ovum (a female egg cell), the rapidly-dividing cells which form the tiny human embryo are all stem cells known as embryonic stem cells.

Adult stem cells are a special kind of "undifferentiated" body cells which have the ability to transform themselves into other specific kinds of "differentiated" cells which form the tissue of an organ such as the heart or liver or brain. In general, a stem cell will be influenced by the cells in its immediate environment and form into the same type of cell, such as a heart cell, liver cell, brain cell, or pancreas cell.

Adult stem cells are most abundantly found in bone marrow, and are sometimes referred to as bone marrow stem cells. A healthy body continuously produces these adult stem cells, which then circulate through the blood stream and function to replace dysfunctional cells, thus fulfilling the natural process of maintaining optimal health.

You may have heard news reports of "embryonic stem cells" being taken from an unborn human fetus, but here we are talking about adult stem cells which are produced in your own body. Because they are your own body cells containing your own DNA, your immune system does not identify them as a foreign organism and then attack and destroy them.

Thus adult stem cells are not affected by the "rejection" problem which often occurs when embyronic stem cells from outside sources have been unsuccessfully transplanted. And the ethical or religious issues associated with harvesting embryonic stem cells from a human fetus are simply not relevant to adult stem cells, because they are naturally created within your own body.

Recent advances in stem cell research were listed as one of the most significant health-related stories in the past 25 years by CNN, second only to the complete mapping of the human genome.

Recent scientific developments have revealed that adult stem cells produced in the bone marrow can travel throughout the body and act to support optimal organ and tissue function. As we get older, our natural production of adult stem cells diminishes, and we start to see signs of aging and less than optimal functioning of our organs and tissues.

Stem cell enhancers are products that support the natural role of adult stem cells in the human body. StemEnhance supports the release of adult stem cells from bone marrow and into circulation throughout the body.

StemEnhance is a breakthrough, all-natural, botanical extract that supports wellness by helping your body maintain healthy stem cell physiology. It is the very first product on the market in the exciting and promising new phytoceutical product category known as "stem cell enhancers". U.S. Patent #6814961 for this propietary product has been granted to StemTech HealthSciences Inc. of Klamath Lake, Oregon, USA, and a second patent is pending.

Several clinical studies have been conducted on this stem cell enhancer product, in addition to some in-vitro trials.

StemEnhance is not a drug, and is not intended to "treat" or "cure" any disease. It is a natural food supplement derived from a tiny natural freshwater aquatic plant that simply supports your body's own ability to heal itself. This unique plant, a cyanophtya whose scientific name is Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae or AFA, can be harvested in only one place - the mineral-rich waters of Klamath Lake, 1400 feet above sea level in the Cascade Mountains in the state of Oregon, USA.

Upper Lake Klamath is one of the cleanest lakes in the USA, yet the deep layer of sediment at the bottom is extremely rich in minerals because for centuries it has been fed by many mountain streams washing down from the volcanic mountains which surround it. The area enjoys about 300 days of sunshine per year, which provides an ideal growing environment for this remarkable fast-growing and highly nutritious plant.

Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae has never been successfully cultivated commercially, so this tiny, free-floating, underwater plant must be harvested in the wild from the waters of upper Klamath Lake at the peak of the summer growing season. AFA is a highly unusual single-celled organism that has a very high chlorophyll content (about 7 percent by weight) and is extrememly rich in Beta Carotene (Vitamin A precursor). The chlorophyll gives it a very dark green color, thus AFA is known as a blue-green algae.

Yet, unlike all other plant organisms, AFA does not have a cell wall made of undigestible cellulose - which makes the nutrients in AFA more "bio-available" than the nutrients in all other types of algae. Overall, the human body will absorb approximately 95 percent of the nutrients in this algae "super food".

Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae also has a very rich content of high-grade protein (about 70 percent by weight). AFA contains all 22 essential amino acids in the most bio-available form (about 98 per cent bio-available).

And the relative amounts of each amino acid in AFA are so close to the amino acid spectrum which is optimal for the human body, that AFA blue-green algae has been called "the most complete brain food of the world". AFA is also considered the best non-animal source of natural Vitamin B12. And one gram of Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae contains approximately 50% of the daily recommendation (USRDA) for Vitamin K.

The nutritional benefits most often reported by consumers of this Klamath Lake AFA blue-green algae are:

Compared to another well-known nutritious blue-green algae known as Spirulina, the AFA Blue-Green Algae has about 40% more Calcium, 100% more Chromium, 275% more Chlorophyll, and five to ten times the Vitamin C content of Spirulina. The assimilation rate of Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae exceeds 95%, while Spirulina is only 50% to 60% assimilated by the human body.

Each 2-capsule serving of StemEnhance contains 1 gram of Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae (500 mg. per capsule).

This natural health product is designed to enhance, by about 25 to 30 per cent, your own body's ability to perform its natural function of releasing adult stem cells from the bone marrow into circulation throughout the body.

The effectiveness of StemEnhance as a stem cell enhancer was demonstrated in a triple-blind study. Volunteers rested for one hour before blood samples were taken to establish baseline levels. After the first blood samples were taken, volunteers were given either the StemEnhance capsules, or a capsule containing a placebo. Thereafter, blood samples were taken from the test subjects 30, 60, and 120 minutes after taking the capsules. The number of circulating stem cells was quantified by analyzing the blood samples from the test subjects using Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS).

Consumption of StemEnhance triggered a significant 25% to 30% increase in the number of circulating stem cells.

Click here to see StemTech's StemEnhance video in which chief scientist Christian Drapeau explains adult stem cells, their role in maintaining human health, and how StemEnhance can significantly increase the quantity of adult stem cells released into the bloodstream from your own bone marrow (9 minutes).

Click here to download the triple-blind scientific study which demonstrated the effectiveness of StemEnhance.

StemEnhance is a blend of two compounds extracted from the cyanophyta Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae (AFA). These compounds are carefully extracted in a patented proprietary process which does NOT utilize chemicals or harsh agents.

One extract, which contains an L-selectin ligand, supports the release of stem cells (CD34+ cells) from the bone marrow, which then circulate in the blood stream. The other extract, a polysaccharide-rich fraction named Migratose, may support the migration of stem cells out of the blood into body tissues.

One gram of StemEnhance triggers an average 25 to 30 percent increase in circulating stem cells. The effect lasts for a few hours.

Suggested Serving: 2 capsules taken orally one or two times per day, at least 6 hours apart. Servings per container: 30 (One serving is 2 capsules, about 1 gram. Each bottle contains 60 capsules.) One bottle will supply 30 days of typical use, when taking 2 capsules once per day (or 15 days when taking 2 capsules twice per day).

Per Serving (2 capsules) Protein: 0.51 gram Vitamin A: 427 IU Cyanophyta Extract: 1 gram (Aphanizomenon Flos-Aquae or AFA, a fresh water micro algae) Other Ingredients: Cellulose (vegetarian capsules) and Rice Bran

Suggested Use: Take 2 capsules orally, 1 or 2 times daily, at least 6 hours apart. (One bottle will last 30 days when 2 capsules are taken per day.)

StemTech also manufactures two stem cell enhancer products for dogs (StemPets) and horses (StemEquine) which may be ordered through the above links.

Phone 24-hours for Recorded 7-Minute Product Overview Message: USA 620-294-2904

Phone 24-hours for Recorded Conference Call with Christian Drapeau: USA 620-294-2905 Ext. 2

Click on this link to visit the StemTech corporate web site. Hold the cursor over the flag for your country, then click on your language that appears to the right.

Click on this link to see answers to many Frequently Asked Questions FAQ on the StemTech USA site. If you live in another country, use the link above.

Click on this Stem Cells link to access information from the University of Utah and learn how stem cells migrate throughout the body and transform themselves into the organ which needs support. You must have the Flash Video Player browser plug-in installed to view this (already installed and working in most Windows IE browsers).

Click on this Bone Marrow Stem Cells link to view the New England Journal of Medicine research on Bone Marrow Stem Cells in relation to heart challenges.

Click on this link to view articles about Stem Cell Research.

Check, E., Cardiologists take heart from stem-cell treatment success, Nature 428(6986):880, 29 April 2004: "Adult stem cells have long been viewed as less flexible than embryonic stem cells, which can divide to produce any cell type in the body. But recent studies of human cells suggest that adult stem cells can also turn into many cell types, including heart, brain and liver cells."

Terada, N. et al., Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cells fusion, Nature (416(6880):542545, 4 April 2002.

Cohen, P., Stem cells could save sight, New Scientist 175:(2354):18, 3 August 2002.

Stem cells do their stuff for Parkinsons patient, New Scientist 174(2338):5, 13 April 2002.

Randerson, J., Stem cells fix the damage, New Scientist 177(2377):14, 11 January 2003.

Pluchino, S. et al., Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis, Nature 422(6933):688694, 17 April 2003.

Jochen Ringe et al., Stem cells for regenerative medicine: advances in the engineering of tissues and organs, Naturwissenschaften 89(8), August 2002.

Mr. Drapeau, a foremost scientist in the study of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, holds a Masters of Science degree in Neurology and Neurosurgery from the Montreal Neurological Institute, an affiliate of McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He has been extensively involved in the study of nutrition, naturopathy, and various natural therapies.

Most significantly, Mr. Drapeau collaborated with many scientists affiliated with Harvard University, McGill University, the University of Illinois, Oregon State University, the University of New Mexico, and the University of Mississippi in the study of the effects of blue-green algae (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) on human health. Mr. Drapeau continues his involvement in the clinical study of AFA.

Now you can consume this miracle food supplement daily, simply by taking 2 capsules of StemEnhance

The content of this page is provided for educational purposes only. The information provided on this page is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not review nor test products classed as a "food supplement". The following statement is required by the U.S. FDA: "This product line has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product line is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease."

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Scientists coax stem cells to form 3-D mini lungs …

Posted: August 11, 2016 at 6:49 am

ANN ARBOR, Mich. -- Scientists have coaxed stem cells to grow the first three-dimensional mini lungs.

Previous research has focused on deriving lung tissue from flat cell systems or growing cells onto scaffolds made from donated organs.

In a study published in the online journal eLife the multi-institution team defined the system for generating the self-organizing human lung organoids, 3-D structures that mimic the structure and complexity of human lungs.

These mini lungs can mimic the responses of real tissues and will be a good model to study how organs form, change with disease, and how they might respond to new drugs, says senior study author Jason R. Spence, Ph.D., assistant professor of internal medicine and cell and developmental biology at the University of Michigan Medical School.

The scientists succeeded in growing structures resembling both the large airways known as bronchi and small lung sacs called alveoli.

Since the mini lung structures were developed in a dish, they lack several components of the human lung, including blood vessels, which are a critical component of gas exchange during breathing.

Still, the organoids may serve as a discovery tool for researchers as they churn basic science ideas into clinical innovations. A practical solution lies in using the 3-D structures as a next step from, or complement to, animal research.

Cell behavior has traditionally been studied in the lab in 2-D situations where cells are grown in thin layers on cell-culture dishes. But most cells in the body exist in a three-dimensional environment as part of complex tissues and organs.

Researchers have been attempting to re-create these environments in the lab, successfully generating organoids that serve as models of the stomach, brain, liver and human intestine.

The advantage of growing 3-D structures of lung tissue, Spence says, is that their organization bears greater similarity to the human lung.

The panel on the left is a cross section through an organoid, viewed through a microscope and stained to visualize the lung tissue. Lung tissue in organoids is organized in a similar manner to the adult lung, shown in the right panel.

To make these lung organoids, researchers at the U-Ms Spence Lab and colleagues from the University of California, San Francisco; Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center; Seattle Childrens Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle manipulated several of the signaling pathways that control the formation of organs.

First, stem cells the bodys master cells -- were instructed to form a type of tissue called endoderm, which is found in early embryos and gives rise to the lung, liver and several other internal organs.

Scientists activated two important development pathways that are known to make endoderm form three-dimensional tissue. By inhibiting two other key development pathways at the same time, the endoderm became tissue that resembles the early lung found in embryos.

In the lab, this early lung-like tissue spontaneously formed three-dimensional spherical structures as it developed. The next challenge was to make these structures expand and develop into lung tissue. To do this, the team exposed the cells to additional proteins that are involved in lung development.

The resulting lung organoids survived in the lab for over 100 days.

We expected different cells types to form, but their organization into structures resembling human airways was a very exciting result, says lead study author Briana Dye, a graduate student in the U-M Department of Cell and Developmental Biology.

The research has gained support from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the March of Dimes and the U-Ms Center for Organogenesis and Biological Sciences Scholars Program (BSSP).

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Reference: In vitro generation of human pluripotent stem cell derived lung organoids, eLife, DOI: http//dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05098.001

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Hawaii Stem Cell Treatment Center | Facebook

Posted: August 10, 2016 at 4:46 am

Educational Event Feb 10, 2016 Stem Cell Research and Treatment Lecture Call 808-945-5433 to RSVP

Learn the latest about Stem Cell Therapy that you may have read about or seen on the internet. What are the facts and the medical science on the stem cell treatments from Dr. Michael Pasquale, Board Certified Plastic Surgeon and founder of the Hawaii Stem Cell Treatment Center. This will be a true educational event open to the public to hear about the latest research, techniques and what is being done with stem cells across the globe.

Dr. Pasquale has just returned from Korea as Chairman for the First Annual Stem Cell Symposium with latest information from Asia, Europe and Mainland USA. The Hawaii Stem Cell Treatment Center was started in 2013 and is the only medically based Stem Cell Treatment Center in our state. It has been involved in research regarding diseases such as COPD, Arthritis , Athletic Injures and more. Come learn about the risk , pros and cons and various options available now and in the future , from one of the leading clinical experts in this new science.

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Journal home : Nature Biotechnology

Posted: August 10, 2016 at 4:44 am

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Mingxun Wang, Jeremy J Carver, Vanessa V Phelan, Laura M Sanchez, Neha Garg, Yao Peng, Don Duy Nguyen, Jeramie Watrous, Clifford A Kapono, Tal Luzzatto-Knaan, Carla Porto, Amina Bouslimani, Alexey V Melnik, Michael J Meehan, Wei-Ting Liu, Max Crsemann, Paul D Boudreau, Eduardo Esquenazi, Mario Sandoval-Caldern, Roland D Kersten, Laura A Pace, Robert A Quinn, Katherine R Duncan, Cheng-Chih Hsu, Dimitrios J Floros, Ronnie G Gavilan, Karin Kleigrewe, Trent Northen, Rachel J Dutton, Delphine Parrot, Erin E Carlson, Bertrand Aigle, Charlotte F Michelsen, Lars Jelsbak, Christian Sohlenkamp, Pavel Pevzner, Anna Edlund, Jeffrey McLean, Jrn Piel, Brian T Murphy, Lena Gerwick, Chih-Chuang Liaw, Yu-Liang Yang, Hans-Ulrich Humpf, Maria Maansson, Robert A Keyzers, Amy C Sims, Andrew R Johnson, Ashley M Sidebottom, Brian E Sedio, Andreas Klitgaard, Charles B Larson, Cristopher A Boya P, Daniel Torres-Mendoza, David J Gonzalez, Denise B Silva, Lucas M Marques, Daniel P Demarque, Egle Pociute, Ellis C O'Neill, Enora Briand, Eric J N Helfrich, Eve A Granatosky, Evgenia Glukhov, Florian Ryffel, Hailey Houson, Hosein Mohimani, Jenan J Kharbush, Yi Zeng, Julia A Vorholt, Kenji L Kurita, Pep Charusanti, Kerry L McPhail, Kristian Fog Nielsen, Lisa Vuong, Maryam Elfeki, Matthew F Traxler, Niclas Engene, Nobuhiro Koyama, Oliver B Vining, Ralph Baric, Ricardo R Silva, Samantha J Mascuch, Sophie Tomasi, Stefan Jenkins, Venkat Macherla, Thomas Hoffman, Vinayak Agarwal, Philip G Williams, Jingqui Dai, Ram Neupane, Joshua Gurr, Andrs M C Rodrguez, Anne Lamsa, Chen Zhang, Kathleen Dorrestein, Brendan M Duggan, Jehad Almaliti, Pierre-Marie Allard, Prasad Phapale, Louis-Felix Nothias, Theodore Alexandrov, Marc Litaudon, Jean-Luc Wolfender, Jennifer E Kyle, Thomas O Metz, Tyler Peryea, Dac-Trung Nguyen, Danielle VanLeer, Paul Shinn, Ajit Jadhav, Rolf Mller, Katrina M Waters, Wenyuan Shi, Xueting Liu, Lixin Zhang, Rob Knight, Paul R Jensen, Bernhard Palsson, Kit Pogliano, Roger G Linington, Marcelino Gutirrez, Norberto P Lopes, William H Gerwick, Bradley S Moore, Pieter C Dorrestein & Nuno Bandeira

GNPS is an open-access community-curated analysis platform for sharing natural product mass spectrometry data that enables continuous, automatic reanalysis of deposited 'living' data sets.

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The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release

Posted: August 10, 2016 at 4:43 am

Press Release

2012-10-08

The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012

jointly to

John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka

for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent

The Nobel Prize recognizes two scientists who discovered that mature, specialised cells can be reprogrammed to become immature cells capable of developing into all tissues of the body. Their findings have revolutionised our understanding of how cells and organisms develop.

John B. Gurdon discovered in 1962 that the specialisation of cells is reversible. In a classic experiment, he replaced the immature cell nucleus in an egg cell of a frog with the nucleus from a mature intestinal cell. This modified egg cell developed into a normal tadpole. The DNA of the mature cell still had all the information needed to develop all cells in the frog.

Shinya Yamanaka discovered more than 40 years later, in 2006, how intact mature cells in mice could be reprogrammed to become immature stem cells. Surprisingly, by introducing only a few genes, he could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells, i.e. immature cells that are able to develop into all types of cells in the body.

These groundbreaking discoveries have completely changed our view of the development and cellular specialisation. We now understand that the mature cell does not have to be confined forever to its specialised state. Textbooks have been rewritten and new research fields have been established. By reprogramming human cells, scientists have created new opportunities to study diseases and develop methods for diagnosis and therapy.

All of us developed from fertilized egg cells. During the first days after conception, the embryo consists of immature cells, each of which is capable of developing into all the cell types that form the adult organism. Such cells are called pluripotent stem cells. With further development of the embryo, these cells give rise to nerve cells, muscle cells, liver cells and all other cell types - each of them specialised to carry out a specific task in the adult body. This journey from immature to specialised cell was previously considered to be unidirectional. It was thought that the cell changes in such a way during maturation that it would no longer be possible for it to return to an immature, pluripotent stage.

John B. Gurdon challenged the dogma that the specialised cell is irreversibly committed to its fate. He hypothesised that its genome might still contain all the information needed to drive its development into all the different cell types of an organism. In 1962, he tested this hypothesis by replacing the cell nucleus of a frog's egg cell with a nucleus from a mature, specialised cell derived from the intestine of a tadpole. The egg developed into a fully functional, cloned tadpole and subsequent repeats of the experiment yielded adult frogs. The nucleus of the mature cell had not lost its capacity to drive development to a fully functional organism.

Gurdon's landmark discovery was initially met with scepticism but became accepted when it had been confirmed by other scientists. It initiated intense research and the technique was further developed, leading eventually to the cloning of mammals. Gurdon's research taught us that the nucleus of a mature, specialized cell can be returned to an immature, pluripotent state. But his experiment involved the removal of cell nuclei with pipettes followed by their introduction into other cells. Would it ever be possible to turn an intact cell back into a pluripotent stem cell?

Shinya Yamanaka was able to answer this question in a scientific breakthrough more than 40 years after Gurdons discovery. His research concerned embryonal stem cells, i.e. pluripotent stem cells that are isolated from the embryo and cultured in the laboratory. Such stem cells were initially isolated from mice by Martin Evans (Nobel Prize 2007) and Yamanaka tried to find the genes that kept them immature. When several of these genes had been identified, he tested whether any of them could reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent stem cells.

Yamanaka and his co-workers introduced these genes, in different combinations, into mature cells from connective tissue, fibroblasts, and examined the results under the microscope. They finally found a combination that worked, and the recipe was surprisingly simple. By introducing four genes together, they could reprogram their fibroblasts into immature stem cells!

The resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) could develop into mature cell types such as fibroblasts, nerve cells and gut cells. The discovery that intact, mature cells could be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells was published in 2006 and was immediately considered a major breakthrough.

The discoveries of Gurdon and Yamanaka have shown that specialised cells can turn back the developmental clock under certain circumstances. Although their genome undergoes modifications during development, these modifications are not irreversible. We have obtained a new view of the development of cells and organisms.

Research during recent years has shown that iPS cells can give rise to all the different cell types of the body. These discoveries have also provided new tools for scientists around the world and led to remarkable progress in many areas of medicine. iPS cells can also be prepared from human cells.

For instance, skin cells can be obtained from patients with various diseases, reprogrammed, and examined in the laboratory to determine how they differ from cells of healthy individuals. Such cells constitute invaluable tools for understanding disease mechanisms and so provide new opportunities to develop medical therapies.

Sir John B. Gurdon was born in 1933 in Dippenhall, UK. He received his Doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1960 and was a postdoctoral fellow at California Institute of Technology. He joined Cambridge University, UK, in 1972 and has served as Professor of Cell Biology and Master of Magdalene College. Gurdon is currently at the Gurdon Institute in Cambridge.

Shinya Yamanaka was born in Osaka, Japan in 1962. He obtained his MD in 1987 at Kobe University and trained as an orthopaedic surgeon before switching to basic research. Yamanaka received his PhD at Osaka City University in 1993, after which he worked at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, USA and Nara Institute of Science and Technology in Japan. Yamanaka is currently Professor at Kyoto University, where he directs its Center for iPS Research and Application. He is also a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes.

Gurdon, J.B. (1962). The developmental capacity of nuclei taken from intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles. Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 10:622-640.

Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663-676.

High resolution image (pdf 670 Kb)

The Nobel Assembly, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet, awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Its Nobel Committee evaluates the nominations. Since 1901 the Nobel Prize has been awarded to scientists who have made the most important discoveries for the benefit of mankind.

Nobel Prize is the registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation

To cite this page MLA style: "The 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Press Release". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 10 Aug 2016. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/press.html>

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Molecular & Cellular Medicine

Posted: August 9, 2016 at 1:42 pm

Home Molecular & Cellular Medicine Menu

Research in the Molecular and Cellular Medicine department spans a wide range of biological processes, from structure and function of biomolecules to cell physiology. Emphasis is placed on understanding normal and abnormal biological function at the molecular and cellular levels. Using state-of-the-art biophysical technologies, research programs at the molecular level focus on understanding how proteins are synthesized, folded, assembled into functional macromolecules and trafficked throughout the cell. Reverse genetic approaches are used to elucidate the roles of newly discovered proteins and define functional protein domains. Research programs that bridge molecular and cellular levels focus on understanding mechanisms of basic cellular physiology (DNA replication, transcription, translation and protein sorting), molecules that control complex regulatory pathways (signal transduction, gene regulation, epigenetics, development and differentiation) and the molecular basis for cancer. Many faculty members have strong collaborative ties with Texas A&M University research groups in the Chemistry and Biochemistry/Biophysics departments or belong to multi-disciplinary research groups affiliated with Texas A&M University, including programs in Genetics, Neurosciences and Virology.

440 Reynolds Medical Building College Station, TX 77843-1114 Phone: (979) 436-0856 Fax: (979) 847-9481 Toll Free: (800) 298-2260 (U.S. only)

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Cell Therapy Institute – Nova Southeastern University NSU

Posted: August 9, 2016 at 1:42 pm

An International Biomedical Research Alliance Committed to Curing Disease

Nova Southeastern University (NSU) is at the forefront of conducting pioneering biomedical research with the launch of its soon-to-be-completed, 215,000 sq. ft. Center for Collaborative Research (CCR), one of the largest and most advanced research facilities in Florida with state-of-the-art laboratories. The CCR will be home to a diverse group of accomplished physician-scientists and basic science researchers, representing many interdisciplinary sciences. As part of its bold new research mission, the university has launched the NSU Cell Therapy Institute, a unique collaboration with leading medical research scientists from Swedens world-renowned Karolinska Institutet (KI). KI is globally recognized for its Nobel Assembly, which awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine annually.

Mission:The NSU Cell Therapy Institute is dedicated to the discovery and development of innovative translational biomedical research, focused on the potential of cell-based therapies to prevent, treat and cure life-threatening and debilitating diseases. The Institute is accelerating the advancement of next-generation approaches to precision medicine such as targeted immunotherapy and regenerative medicine with an initial focus on treating cancers, heart disease and disorders causing blindness. The Institute is prioritizing establishing collaborations with other world-class universities, hospitals, research institutions and corporate partners.

With an overriding mission to contribute to the improvement of human health through research and education, Karolinska Institutet provides more than 40% of the medical academic research conducted in Sweden and offers the country s broadest range of education in medicine and health sciences. Many of the discoveries made at Karolinska Institutet have been of great significance, including the pacemaker, the gamma knife, the sedimentation reaction, the Seldinger technique and the preparation of chemically pure insulin. Since 1901, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has selected the Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine.

Research Team: Evren Alici, M.D., Ph.D.; Adil Duru, Ph.D.; Carin Dahlberg, Ph.D. Summary: Natural killer cells (NK-cells) are cytotoxic lymphocytes critical to the innate immune system. Discovered at Karolinska Institutet in 1974, NK-cells hold the potential to be programmed to selectively bind to and destroy tumor cells with very few side-effects. Preliminary human studies are encouraging in targeting multiple myeloma, a deadly form of blood cancer. New studies will be advanced at the NSU Cell Therapy Institute, including investigating novel approaches harnessing the potency of NK-cells against a broad range of difficult-to-treat cancers.

Research Team: Andreas Lundqvist, Ph.D.; Shannon Murray, Ph.D. Summary: Cancer can employ multiple defense mechanisms to suppress the immune system and avoid detection. For example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) can be used by cancer cells to down-regulate the immune system and diminish the cancer killing capabilities of T-cells, NK-cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and other immune responses. The NSU Cell Therapy Institute is advancing novel anti-MDSC approaches to overcome suppression defenses while recruiting targeted immune responses by both NK-cells and T-cells, as potential monotherapy or in combination with other anti-cancer treatments for malignant melanoma and kidney cancer.

Research Team: Richard Jove, Ph.D.; Thomas Temple, M.D. Summary: While standard cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation can destroy many kinds of cancers, cancer stem cells possess the ability to escape, survive and metastasize to distant sites in the body. These cells typically develop into new tumors, destroy normal tissues such as bone and are often resistant to most therapies. The NSU Cell Therapy Institute is advancing novel approaches to modulating signaling pathways, such as JAK/STAT, which are critical to cancer stem cell survival and regeneration of normal tissue. By inhibiting cancer stem cell pathways, cancer recurrence may be eliminated, resulting in durable remissions. Conversely, activating these same pathways can enhance regeneration of damaged normal tissues including bone.

Research Team: Karl-Henrik Grinnemo, M.D., Ph.D.; Vladimir Beljanski, Ph.D. Summary: There are currently no available options to repair vital heart muscle and tissue following a heart attack, and heart transplantation is a highly limited option. The NSU Cell Therapy Institute is developing novel culturing systems to produce pure populations of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and at the same time activate cardiac progenitor cell differentiation. These activated cardiac MSCs can be differentiated into three types of cardiac cells: cardiomyocytes; endothelial cells; and smooth muscle cells. The ability of these cells to regenerate the damaged myocardium, while at the same time possessing traits that prevent immune rejection and inflammatory response, makes this a highly promising approach to restoring healthy heart function.

Research Team: Cecilia Osterholm Corbascio, PhD; Vladimir Beljanski, Ph.D. Summary: Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, yet the mechanisms of this process remain largely unknown. Furthermore, the properties of currently used bioprosthetic valves lead to valve degeneration and subsequent heart failure. A regenerative approach would allow for the generation of new heart valves by combining the patients own stem cells with a biological matrix not prone to immunologically mediated deterioration. The focus of this research at NSU will be to study valvular heart disease from decoding mechanistic pathways to creating new valves from the patients own stem cells.

Research Team: Outi Hovata, M.D., Ph.D.; Ben Josey, Ph.D.Summary: Macular Degeneration (MD - dry & wet forms) is the leading cause of vision loss in Americans aged 60 or older. The dry form of the disease affects 90-95% of sufferers and causes vision loss in the center of a patients field of vision due to deterioration of the macula which is in the center of the retina. The NSU Cell Therapy Institute is developing a novel approach to cure dry MD by transplanting human stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE cells). This approach targets dry MD by replacing the degenerating, damaged cells in the eye with healthy RPE cells to restore full function and vision. Immune rejection has been a major impediment in such transplant techniques, so this program is developing differentiated RPE cells combined with technology that induces transplant tolerance, eliminating the need for chronic immunosuppression.

The NSU Cell Therapy Institute offers cutting-edge molecular and cellular profiling analyses to support its research programs, and those of its collaborative partners, with the highest quality of comprehensive scientific resources, facilities and staff, including in the areas of:

Philanthropy, sponsored research and other key collaborative partnerships play a critical role in the NSU Cell Therapy Institutes mission to impact the understanding, prevention, and treatment of a broad range of life-threatening and debilitating diseases. The NSU Cell Therapy Institute offers many kinds of sponsorship and partnering options for individual donors, foundations, and corporations in order to accelerate next-generation cures to patients in urgent need.

For more information about the NSU Cell Therapy Institute, please contact:

Douglas W. Calder Director of Development & Strategic Planning NSU Cell Therapy Institute 3301 College Avenue Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314 Phone: (954) 262-3382 Mobile: (772) 418-6302 Email: dcalder@nova.edu

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