Newswise  Before scientists and engineers can realize the    dream of using stem cells to create replacements for worn out    organs and battle damaged body parts, theyll have to develop    ways to grow complex three-dimensional structures in large    volumes and at costs that wont bankrupt health care systems.  
    Researchers are now reporting advances in these areas by using    gelatin-based microparticles to deliver growth factors to    specific areas of embryoid bodies, aggregates of    differentiating stem cells. The localized delivery technique    provides spatial control of cell differentiation within the    cultures, potentially enabling the creation of complex    three-dimensional tissues. The local control also dramatically    reduces the amount of growth factor required, an important cost    consideration for manufacturing stem cells for therapeutic    applications.  
    The microparticle technique, which was demonstrated in    pluripotent mouse embryonic cells, also offers better control    over the kinetics of cell differentiation by delivering    molecules that can either promote or inhibit the process. Based    on research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and    the National Science Foundation, the developments were reported    online July 1 in the journal Biomaterials and were    presented at the 11th Annual International Society for Stem    Cell Research meeting held in Boston June 12-15, 2013 .  
    By trapping these growth factors within microparticle    materials first, we are concentrating the signal they provide    to the stem cells, said Todd McDevitt, an associate professor    in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering    at Georgia Tech and Emory University. We can then put the    microparticle materials physically inside the multicellular    aggregate system that we use for differentiation of the stem    cells. We have good evidence that this technique can work, and    that we can use it to provide advantages in several different    areas.  
    The differentiation of stem cells is largely controlled by    external cues, including morphogenic growth factors, in the    three-dimensional environment that surrounds the cells. Most    stem cell researchers currently deliver the growth factors into    liquid solutions surrounding the stem cell cultures with a goal    of creating homogenous cultures of cells. Delivering the growth    factors from microparticles, however, provides better control    of the spatial and temporal presentation of the molecules that    govern the growth and differentiation of the stem cells,    potentially allowing formation of heterogeneous structures    formed from different cells.  
    Groups of stem cells stick together as they develop, forming    multicellular aggregates that form spheroids as they grow. The    researchers took advantage of that by driving microparticles    containing growth factor BMP4 or noggin  which inhibits BMP4    signaling  into layers of stem cells using centrifugation.    When the cell aggregates formed, the microparticles became    trapped inside.  
    The researchers used confocal imaging and flow cytometry to    observe the differentiation process and found that growth    factors in the microparticles directed the cells toward    mesoderm and ectoderm tissues just as they do in solution-based    techniques. But because the BMP4 and noggin molecules were    directly in contact with the cells, much less growth factor was    needed to spur the differentiation  approximately 12 times    less than what would be required by conventional solution-based    techniques.  
    One of the major advantages, in a practical sense, is that we    are using much less growth factor, said McDevitt, who is also    director of the Stem Cell Engineering Center at Georgia Tech.    From a bioprocessing standpoint, a lot of the cost involved in    making stem cell products is related to the cost of the    molecules that must be added to make the stem cells    differentiate.  
    Beyond more focused signaling, the microparticles also provided    a localized control not available through any other technique.    That allowed the researchers to create spatial differences in    the aggregates  a possible first step toward forming more    complex structures with different tissue types such as    vasculature and stromal cells.  
    To build tissues, we need to be able to take stem cells and    use them to make many different cell types which are grouped    together in particular spatial patterns, explained Andres M.    Bratt-Leal, the papers first author and a former graduate    student in McDevitts lab. This spatial patterning is what    gives tissues the ability to perform higher order functions.  
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Microparticles Create Localized Control of Stem Cells