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Stem Cell Therapy | Regenerative Orthopedics Institute

Posted: April 3, 2019 at 2:43 pm

As first described in 1988 by Dr. Arnold Caplan, mesenchymal stem cells are progenitor cells that have the power to differentiate into mature tissue cells. They are directly responsible for healing damaged tissues after injury. Upon encountering damaged tissue, they release proteins that decrease inflammation and trigger growth of new connective tissues and blood vessels, stimulating tissue repair and regeneration. In the case of severe damage and cell death, these cells have the ability to turn into healthy versions of the damaged or destroyed cells that they encounter.

At Regenerative Orthopedics we take stem cells from your own bone marrow or from your own fat or both. Under sterile conditions, they are then washed, concentrated and isolated under direct supervision by Dr. Smith in our office laboratory. We combine these cells with platelet rich plasma isolated from your blood drawn at the same time we harvest your cells. This mixture is then injected into the affected area.

Every joint in the body and most tissues contain stem cells that are responsible for maintaining health in that location. Degeneration of tissues or joints occur when the stem cell population becomes depleted and that structure losses its ability to heal itself as a result of injury of the natural aging process. Stem cell therapy is an attempt to repopulate tissues or joints with stem cells thereby restoring the bodys ability to heal itself.

Upon establishing that you are a candidate for treatment, we will decide whether to harvest stem cells from your bone marrow or from your fat or both. We recommend most patients undergo a minor arthroscopic procedure just prior to the stem cell treatment called microfracture where small holes are made in the end of the affected bone. This is in effect a bone marrow harvest as it allows stem cells from the bone marrow to enter the joint. Because these are not concentrated, the second part of the procedure will consist of harvesting Adipose derived stem cells or in other words stromal vascular fraction and using these stem cells to augment the procedure by injecting them into the affected joint.

Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes (fat cells) and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). The stomal vascular fraction which contains millions of unused stem cells is harvested through a process known as lipoaspiration. Lipoaspiration is performed under local anesthetic in the office using a small instrument slightly larger a hypodermic needle. About 60 ml of fat is aspirated during lipoaspiration which differs from liposuction in which volumes of up to 6 ,000 ml of fat is removed. Once the fat is obtained, the stromal vascular fraction is isolated in the lab through a process that involves washing the fat then mixing it with an enzyme that causes the stem cells to detach from the fat cells. Final isolation involves the use of a centrifuge for final separation of the cells. These cells are then mixed with PRP and isolated from the patients own blood. Prior to injection, the mixture is then activated using photo-modulation.

Bone marrow is rich in growth factors and stem cells. We are able to obtain these cells in the office under local anesthesia in a very simple procedure that requires a relatively small amount of bone marrow and only one puncture site. This is vastly different that harvesting bone marrow for transfusion for cancer therapies. This technique will be utilized in the event that the patient has minimal fat deposits from which to obtain stem cells. Unlike SVF, bone marrow stem cell aspiration is not concentrated and so the amount of stem cells that can be isolated from this technique decrease with increasing age. For most patients, their bone marrow will be utilized and accessed through microfracture as described above.

Because these therapies stimulate the normal growth and repair processes, they rarely provide immediate relief unlike steroid injections. However, the results are much longer lasting. Typically, it takes between two and eight weeks before patients notice significant improvement.

These treatments are intended to reverse tissue damage and degenerative changesbut they do not stop the natural aging process which starts again once the tissues have regenerated. Overall, these therapies should provide good relief of pain from two to six years after treatment. Patients will require repeat treatment throughout their life as they get older and joints continue to degenerate.

No. Although these treatments are done worldwide and have been proven an effective alternative for treatment of pain related to damage and degeneration of joints, they are still considered experimental and not covered by insurance plans. Payment is due at the time of service.

Maintain a regular exercise program that is not excessive. Eat well and get enough sleep. Avoid excessive alcohol drinking and no smoking. Dr. Smith will also recommend an appropriate vitamin supplement to optimize stem cell function.

Regenerative Orthopedics does not culture, manipulate or save your cells. The process we utilize to obtain your stem cells results in the harvesting of cells in the range of 2 to 4 million stems cells and so there is no need to manipulate or grow your cells in the lab.

We keep our office overhead down by maintaining a small office staff and a small but adequately sized office. We also keep advertising to a minimum because most of our patients are referred by other patients and word of mouth referrals. This allows us to pass our cost savings on to you the patients.

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Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes Type 2, Treatment for …

Posted: April 3, 2019 at 2:43 pm

Diabetes is the disease affecting the metabolism of glucose to a great extent. The glucose is required by the cells for energy production and normal functioning. This glucose comes in the blood from the food we eat and carried to the cellular level by an important hormone known as the insulin. Once the meal is consumed by the body, it breaks down into the glucose and other nutrients which are then absorbed in the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract. This glucose is then transferred from the blood stream to the cells. The diabetes develops when the body either cant prepare insulin or cant respond to the insulin. Diabetes can be mainly differentiated into two broad categories such as Diabetes Type 1 & Diabetes Type 2.

Type 2 diabetes formerly called as non insulin dependent diabetes occurs as a result of bodys inability to utilize insulin. It is the most common form of diabetes accounting for more than 90 % of the diabetes cases.

By the end of 2013, estimated deaths due to diabetes were almost 2 million. The epidemiology survey has concluded that more than 80% of the deaths are from low and middle income countries. WHO has projected that diabetes can be the seventh leading cause of death globally by the end of 2020.

Stem Cell Treatment for Diabetes

Researchers are not able to fully understand underlying cause of diabetes 2. However, some factors are commonly found to be responsible for type 2 diabetes as follows

Apart from these stated above many other factors are known to be responsible for the higher incidence of Diabetes such as

The signs and symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes can often develop slowly. In fact for years it can go unnoticed, although some of the common symptoms can be taken as warning signals such as

Diabetes can be diagnosed generally with the blood tests for examining blood sugar level at fasting and after meal. Apart from that many other examinations can help diagnose the problem at the early stage such as

As against type 1 diabetes, patients with type 2 diabetes can produce insulin; however the insulin cannot be utilized by the body for the metabolism of glucose may be because the insulin is either not sufficient or the body is unable to recognize insulin for its function. Thus, due to bodys inability to transfer glucose to different cells, its accumulation in the blood stream increases. This cause the condition known as hyperglycaemia. Also since cells are not able to use glucose for the energy generation, their function is severely halted.

Stem cells are the mother cells that are responsible for developing an entire human body from a tiny two-celled embryo; due to their unlimited divisions and strong power to differentiate into all the cells of different lineage. This power of stem cells has been harnessed by the technology to isolate them outside the human body, concentrate in the clean environment and implant back.

Thus, stem cells treatment involves administration of concentrated cells in the targeted area, wherein they can colonize in the damaged area, adapt the properties of resident stem cells and initiate some of the lost functions that have been compromised by the disease or injury.

Various data is available suggesting in vitro differentiation of stem cells into insulin producing beta cells. These cells can as well help in creating a microenvironment due to initiate secretion of different immune cells to counteract autoimmunity of the individual.

We have mastered the technology for isolating maximum number of viable stem cells from either the autologous sources of your own body or allogeneic ally with the matched donor to treat various children with ASD. We are the licensed, private organization with the excellent, well-equipped state of the art facility to isolate process and enrich the viable number of stem cells, which can be re-infused back into the patients body. Generally, these cells are administered through any one of the below-mentioned methods depending upon our experts advice:

Once infused back in the body, these cells can be repopulated at the damaged parts of the pancreas, through their strong paracrine effects and differentiate into lost or damaged beta cells, initiate vasculogenesis and can as well initiate secretion of new immune cells.

Thus, although diabetes cannot be cured with the help of stem cells treatment but with our standardized treatment protocol, it can definitely be manageable.

What Sets Us Apart

Disclaimer : Results may vary for each patient. GIOSTAR practice the application of stem cell therapy within the legal regulations of each country.

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Stem Cell Therapy in Dogs – Procedure, Efficacy, Recovery …

Posted: April 3, 2019 at 2:43 pm

As degenerative joint disease is a natural part of the aging process, preventing it is challenging, and these preventative measures can only be effective to a certain extent. Building and maintaining muscles, tendons and joints can be the most effective measure an owner can take. This entails regular exercise for the dog. The frequency, durations and intensity should be varied depending on the dog, but exercise will ensure the muscles and limbs are as healthy as possible for as long as possible. This measure also comes with the benefit of keeping owners fit and healthy. On top of regular exercise, massaging the dog, undertaking at-home strengthening exercises and water therapy may also help to prevent arthritis in the long term.

The next step for owners to take is to alter their dogs diet. Carbohydrates should be discouraged as they promote inflammation. Fresh foods that are unprocessed, are rich in unadulterated enzymes and can help to reduce inflammation. A healthy, balanced diet is key to the long-term health of the dogs muscles and joints.

Certain supplements can also be added to the dogs diet, to encourage muscle and joint retention and prevent degeneration. These are known as joint supportive agents, and common, effective agents are eggshell membrane, glucosamine sulfate with MSM, and cetyl myristoleate.

Both the exercise measures outlined above and the diet alterations may not prevent degeneration entirely, but they may well prevent it occurring until dogs are much older.

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Stem Cell Therapy | Stanford Initiative to Cure Hearing Loss

Posted: April 3, 2019 at 2:43 pm

What if doctors could grow a new working inner ear from a persons own skin cells? Or repair the damaged inner ear from within?

Solving this profound mystery is the driving force behind stem cell research and the promise of tissue engineering in otolaryngology. While hearing aids and cochlear implants can provide good recovery of hearing function, the development of a biological method to repair the damaged cochlea has the potential to restore normal hearing without any type of prosthesis.

One approach to restore hearing might be to surgically place stem cells within the cochlea in such a way that they would fuse with the remaining cochlear structures and develop and function as hair cells. Scientists believe this is a viable approach because, unlike most organs that are destroyed by disease, the inner ear remains structurally intactonly the hair cells are lost. By mimicking the steps involved in the formation of embryonic mouse ears, Stanford scientists have produced stem cells in the laboratory that look and act very much like hair cells, the sensory cells that normally reside in the inner ear. If they can generate hair cells in the millions, it could lead to significant scientific and clinical advances along the path to curing deafness in the future.

A promising source of creating hair cells comes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)adult cells, taken for example from a patients own skin that have been genetically reprogrammed to revert back to stem cells. This breakthrough process represents a major opportunity to eventually treat a patient with his or her own cells.

Currently, our research team is working toward producing human hair cells for the first time in a culture dish. This work could lead, in the long run, to novel therapies based on cell transplantation.

Equally exciting is an ongoing approach to use embryonic stem cell-based approaches for discovery of novel drugs that could be used for treatment for deafness. More about this exciting new direction can be found under Molecular Therapy.

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Forskolin at GNC | Hcg Diet

Posted: April 3, 2019 at 2:41 pm

Forskolin at GNC Coming from Americas most influential doctors of our time are free nature gifts packed in his diet pills that are known to reduce weight in all cases. Some of best diet pills are sourced from natural plants e.g. Moringa oleifera, raspberry and Garcinia cambogia, an Asian native plant known to have hydroxycitric acid, a major component in blocking accumulation of fatty acids in the body. These diet pills have great health benefits to people of all body types.

Capsule made from the Moringa oleifera tree leaves powder boost milk production for women who have breast feeding complications. It also has anti-aging effects and serves a great deal in stress management. Pills from Moringa oleifera are known to have the best results in weight loss, an aspect that has earned the tree its name-the miracle tree. They are also known to improve memory.

Among Forskolin diet pills, there is one he calls, The Holy Grail of Weight Loss. Among other functions, garcinia cambogia serves the following:

Forskolin at GNC is another of diet pills and they also work as the mentioned garcania and moringa pills

There are manufacturers who take the advantage of the benefits these diet pills have to the customers, thereby having inferior products in the market. Take notice of such and always look for genuine products. USA is the manufacturer of diet pills. Of great importance is being sure of the product quality.

It is also important that you follow the guidance provided on the pills package consent regarding its intake. Make sure to follow through (some pills may take up to a 30-day continuous intake) .

It is always advisable to seek medical assistance before committing yourself to any diagnosis. If you have a medical condition kindly consult a professional doctor before anything else.

If you have realized the benefits if the diet pills, it is important that you share with others. That way you will make a face smile somewhere.

Where to find diet pills

Forskolin at GNC are available in most health stores across America. The prices are quite competitive ($30 on the least for 500mgpills).

Many people from all walks of life have had their share of the goodness that comes along with these miraculous pills. A great number says having their appetites curbed was the turning point. They could now gradually take control of their eating habits hence leading to weight loss. Their efficacy has been proven after numerous scientific studies and research by leading experts. If you are struggling with weight management issues, then you may just find your answer with these weight loss pills.

It is happening diet pills has provided a solution for people who were battling weight loss problems . It can happen for you too.

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The Ultimate HCG Diet Plan – HCG Diet

Posted: April 3, 2019 at 2:41 pm

HCG Treatment Warnings

Before diving into the process of HCG treatment, the various phases, and how the diet works, it is important to understand the warnings and guidelines to keep dieters safe. Simeons outlines these warnings in his protocol, and ensures that careful steps are outlined on how to successfully use the drops and injections, and how to follow the approved meal plan. He clearly lays out that the HCG is not simply something you can take-up without research and that any patient who thinks he can reduce by taking a few shots and eating less is not only sure to be disappointed but may be heading for serious trouble. While the hormone can provide incredible benefits and results in just a few weeks, the way in which it should be done is strict, but easy to follow. The most important thing, is to follow a physicians instructions when thinking about joining the HCG diet.

While developing the HCG diet, Dr. Simeons was examining the diencephalon, a part of the brain and central nervous system that controls most automatic animal functions of the body, including breathing, heartbeat, digestion, sleep, sex and the urinary system. Historically, from an evolutionary view, the diencephalon is one of the oldest organs in the body, dating back to more than 500 million years ago. It is one of the main reasons that we have been able to evolve as a species. The diencephalon is balanced perfectly in the body, and any alterations to it must be done carefully, while taking other parts of the digestive and nervous system into account. When a patient is obese, the balance of the diencephalon is off and can only be restored, as Simeons puts it, by following the technique laid out in his protocol. He continues to stress the little details and ensuring that his teachings are followed carefully and exactly. Dieters who raise their caloric intake to 600 or 800 from the requested 500, will fail to see the results outlined through this program. Similarly, the dosage of the HCG hormone must not be exceeded, which can often reverse results.

The first step of the HCG diet is to meet with a physician and start to discuss the process of introducing the HCG hormone to the body. When a patient first comes in, a general history will be taken, including questions about when the first signs of excess weight or obesity seemed to occur. Doctors will also look to record the highest weight that the patient has been at in their life and if they have tried any previous dieting or nutritional programs. Simeons observed that patients who had been taking thyroid preparations, on average see less weight lost while on the HCG diet after prolonged use. Other questions the doctors may ask include: Do you suffer from headaches? Rheumatic pains? Menstrual disorders? Constipation? Breathlessness or exertion? Swollen ankles? Do you consider yourself greedy? Do you feel the need to eat snacks between meals? Once all questions are asked by the doctor, the patient strips down and is weighed and measured to attain a starting weight. Statistical averages and charts are consulted to find out the normal weight and height for someone of their stature and age. From this consultation, the degree of overweight is then calculated, so the duration of treatment can be decided on. This is roughly based on an average weight loss of one pound per day. Simeons also notes that regardless of sex, age and degree of overweight, the 300-400 grams-per injection, per day is relatively consistent across all sizes and demographics.

Many first time HCG dieters ask about the difference between the 26 and 40 day kits, and the reasons behind choosing each. Patients who are looking to lose 15 pounds or less, should use the 26 day treatment, with 23 daily injections. The 3 days where there are no injections, is due to the extra 3 days in which the 500-calorie diet should be followed after treatment. More information about this post-injection phase will be discussed later. It is important to note that there is no treatment lasting less than 26 days for patients who only want to lose a few pounds. Simeons states that the diencephalon needs at least 3 weeks of treatment in order to make a difference, and anything less will yield little results. Something else to keep in mind is the careful planning of the treatment, and the fact that an early stop in HCG hormone drops can lead to weight being put back on right away. When patients have gotten rid of their abnormal fat, they will soon feel hungry without continued drops. This is due to the fact that abnormal fat is the only thing being put into circulation, with normal fat deposits remaining untouched. If patients reach a normal weight faster than the 26 days, they are given a diet of 800 1000 calories for the rest of treatment. This ensures that their weight remains constant throughout the remaining days on the HCG hormone. These early cases of weight loss are rare, and are mostly seen among film actresses and models who generally weigh less than normal. However, as Simeons puts it, we undertake to cure a disorder, not to create a new one. The HCG method is self limiting and becomes completely ineffective when all abnormal fat stores are used up.

The 40 day kits are meant for patients who are looking to lose more than 15 pounds during treatment, which takes a longer amount of time and 40 treatments. Patients can lose a large amount of weight on the HCG diet, but anything more than 34 pounds in one course is not recommended. Treatment is stopped when either 34 pounds are lost or 40 injections/drops have been given. The only exception to this rule is for grotesquely obese patients who are allowed an extra 5-6 pounds of weight loss before the limit of 40 cycles of drops has been reached.

Building off the 40 day treatment section of his manuscript, Dr. Simeons explains that the reason for stopping at 40 days is due to the fact that certain patients can show an immunity to the HCG hormone. Simeons states that it is relatively unknown why this might occur, but the breakdown of HCG in the body might occur faster, with less overall effects. After the 40 days of treatment, Simeons observed that it takes around six weeks for this immunity to resolve itself and the HCG hormone can become effective again. Signs of this immunity can be a sudden feeling of hunger in the final days of treatment, something that was absent in previous days. Patients should continue to monitor their hunger and fatigue levels during the full 40 days of treatment to ensure that the hormone is working correctly. If they begin to look weak, tired and fatigued, treatment should stop immediately, due to the fact that any further weight loss can begin to eat away at normal fat, which is then regained after treatment has ceased.

During menstruation, drops should not be taken, but the diet can be continued. Once menstruation has ended, drops should be continued right away, as to not leave the patient feeling extremely hungry without the hormone. However, if patients find themselves to be hungry, there are a few ways to curb hunger while on the HCG Diet. Simeons also makes note that with teenaged girls, their periods may in rare cases, be delayed or sometimes stop altogether while taking the HCG hormone.

Once the patients data is collected, and the various warnings discussed, the probable duration of HCG treatment can be calculated and explained to the patient. When a plan is set up and all treatment processes understood, the patient is usually examined by a doctor. Various parts of the body are measured and recorded. These include the size of the first upper incisor, a pad of fat on the nape of the neck and various other measurements. Blood-count, estimated uric acid, cholesterol and blood sugar can also be recorded to have on record. Once all this information is collected, it is time to start the process of the HCG diet.

The first step of the HCG diet, laid out in Simeons protocol, is the stage of gain before loss. This is a period of anywhere from 3 days, to one week before treatment, where patients are asked to force feed to maximum capacity. If a patients condition is very low, they are asked to eat to capacity for a full week. If a patient is in a satisfactory general condition, they begin force feeding on the day of their first drops. There are many reasons for this feasting, one of which is to stock the normal fat reserves before cutting the diet down to 500 calories per day. They are asked to eat the most fattening foods possible, up until the day of the fourth drops. Patients are not asked to begin eating the limit of 500 calories until three drops have been taken, since it takes that amount of time for the hormone to start circulating fat in the body and making the abnormal fat deposits available. The first three drops can often be referred to as non-effective, since they are preparing the body for the subsequent effective drops which aim to deplete the abnormal fat reserves that have become available on day three. Some patients may be afraid of eating so many calories in the days leading up to the drops, but all weight gained (which can often be 4-6 pounds in 24 hours), is lost in the first 48 hours of dieting. The feasting re-stocks depleted normal fat reserves in obese patients, and the hormone draws on abnormal fat deposits only, leading to an overall healthier body. Foods that should be eaten during this period of full-capacity eating include milk chocolate, pastries with whipped cream, fried meats (especially pork), eggs and bacon, mayonnaise, bread with butter or jar, and any other fattening foods. Simeons emphasizes that concerns about this kind of eating are unfounded, and patients who follow this protocol will be rewarded with results later on. He also points out that during the two days of forced feeding between the first and third cycles of drops, some patients have noticed that they do not actually gain much weight, and in some cases have even lost weight. This can be due to proper hydration during the diet, and the release of excess water from the body, or the increased protein intake, which can also limit retained water.

For women, the best time to start taking the HCG hormone is immediately after her period. If needed, treatment can start later, but should be done within 10 days of a period. Also to note, at least three cycles of drops should be given after the period, followed by the normal three days of dieting. Simeons also shares in his protocol, the most common experiences of dieters starting the HCG diet. On the first few days, some patients claim that they feel a difference, others feel very little. Check out more information on what to expect on your first week of HCG treatment here. Some common symptoms such as mild headaches or increased hunger can occur when first starting treatment, but generally subside. As patients move into the second and third day of the 500 calorie diet, which coincides with the fifth and sixth cycles of drops, patients should start seeing a weight loss of around two pounds per day. At around the third day, different experiences can begin to develop depending on how the forced feeding, also known as the loading days went. Patients who ate at their full capacity often feel much better, lighter and clear-headed. Those who have ignored the instructions of loading days, can instead feel minor discomforts for the first week. When patients reach the fourth and fifth day of dieting, the weight loss amounts begin to drop down and settle at an average of around 1 pound per day. Men often lose weight more consistently over the 23 or 40 days, whereas women can go through fluctuations when it comes to average weight loss per day.

When it comes to daily weight loss, there are four factors that can cause inconsistent numbers and interruptions of weight loss. The first factor is during the first few days of taking the hormone, in which the body is still working to lose the weight from the loading days. Patients may not see consistent numbers until the fourth or fifth day of dieting. The second type of interruption is known as the plateau which can occur during the second half of a full 40 day course. Patients who have lost more than the average of one pound per day, can see a 4-6 day stall in which their weight remains relatively the same. However, plateaus always correct themselves, and should not be of concern. Even though plateauing will correct itself, there are a few ways, for pure psychological benefits, to break up a plateau. One solution is to do what Dr. Simeons calls an apple day. An apple day starts at lunchtime and continues for 24 hours until the next days lunch. Patients can only eat six large apples, and are told to eat one each time they feel hungry, but should not eat more than six apples in the 24 hour period. During this apple day, no other foods or drinks are allowed, except for plain water. The apple-day should produce a gratifying weight loss the next day, which can help patients mentally. The third interruption can last ten days to two weeks, which can often be avoided due to the fact that it is most often found in patients that for some period of time in their lives, maintained a fixed degree of obesity for ten or more years. When this previous weight is reached once again, it can stall the weight loss for up to two weeks, despite taking the HCG hormone and following the diet. The final interruption is a menstrual interruption, in which weight loss is stopped a few days before and during the menstrual period. Simeons also notes that if a woman becomes pregnant while following the HCG diet, weight loss will most likely cease.

The process of taking the HCG drops is specific, but easy to follow. The HCG drops or Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin most often come in one ounce bottles for the 26 day course and two ounce bottles for the 40 day plan. 8-10 drops should be placed under the tongue 3 times per day, allowing 5 minutes for the drops to absorb. Holding the drops under your tongue for approximately 60 seconds before swallowing is best. It is recommended that you should not eat or drink 10 to 15 minutes before or after taking the drops. This should be done for the full course, according to Dr. Simeons manuscript.

Overall, there are three official phases of the HCG diet laid out by Dr. Simeon. The first being the loading phase or phase 1 of the HCG diet. This is when patients are asked to consume heavy, dense, high fat and high calorie foods for a few days. The HCG injection, pill, and drop phase, also known as phase 2 is when patients follow a 500 calorie diet and take drops for either 26 or 40 days. The final phase is referred to as the stabilization phase, maintenance phase or simply, phase 3. In this phase, patients have completed their injections or drops and follow the 500 calorie diet for 3 more days as they finish out the program. After that, the daily caloric intake will begin to rise once again to a normal amount of calories, and patients can go on with their regular eating routine. After treatment, Simeons outlines two common problems that some patients run into. The first, having been mentioned before, is the body creating a tolerance to the HCG hormone, and as a result, the lack of calories will leave them weak and malnourished.The second problem is that of being over-enthusiastic following treatment. Patients begin to realize that they can eat fairly normally without regaining any of the weight. Simeons protocol states that during this time, however, they should avoid sugar and starch for a while. Small amounts of foods such as egg, cheese or milk should be introduced slowly and carefully, not all at once. Easing the body back into consuming more calories should be done in small increments to help it better adjust. When it comes to protein, the opposite should occur. Patients are encouraged to consume a large amount of protein in order to make up for any deficiency while on the HCG diet. Foods such as eggs, steak, and cheese can all be consumed in large quantities during the days following treatment.

While 60-70% of patients experience little or no difficulty in holding their weight off permanently, some relapses can still occur. It is important to know that without carefully watching the body in the days and weeks following treatment, weight can quickly be put back on. For women, pregnancy or menopause can often cause a reverse of previous treatment as weight is put back on. Teenage girls often suffer from compulsive eating, and are likely to relapse if not managed carefully. While relapses do occur, Simeons emphasizes that patients can come back for multiple treatments, and he observed that multiple courses can often prove to be even more satisfactory than a single course. At the end of his manuscript, Simeons states that the HCG method involves a highly complex bodily mechanism and emphasizes that it is useless to hand the patient a diet-sheet and let the nurse give him a shot. In order for patients to see the full effect of what the HCG diet can do for them, they must research, learn and understand what is going on in their bodies and the various steps it takes to see results. Dr. Simeons worked for hundreds of hours to develop a program that is repeatable, sustainable and gets results consistently. Following the plan closely and researching as much as possible before treatment is the best way to enjoy the pleasures of weight loss through the HCG diet.

HCG 26-kit: HCG hormone bottle that lasts for 26 days of treatment.

HCG 40-Kit: HCG hormone bottle that lasts for 40 days of treatment.

100 grams: 3.5 ounces, the common serving size of protein, vegetables or fruit eaten on the HCG diet.

Apple Day: Common practice to break a stall in the HCG Diet, in which patients eat only apples for 24 hours. See section on Interruptions to Losing Weight.

Diencephalon: A part of the brain and central nervous system that controls most automatic animal functions of the body, including breathing, heartbeat, digestion, sleep, sex and the urinary system.

Grissini: Pencil-sized breadsticks, originally from Italy.

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin): A hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.

Loading (Phase 1): 2-3 days of eating high fat, high sugar, and high calorie foods, usually preceding HCG treatment or in the first few days of taking injections/drops.

Melba Toast: Dry, crispy and thinly sliced toast made of wheat flour, salt, yeast, molasses and vinegar.

Phase: Various periods of time on the HCG diet, in which a new process or plan should be followed.

Phase 2: Part of HCG diet in which the 500 calorie plan is followed and drops have begun.

Phase 3: Part of HCG diet following phase 2, where caloric intake is increased, while still avoiding sugars and starches.

Pounds and Inches: Dr. Simeons manuscript explaining his theory and protocol of using the HCG hormone, and following a 500 calorie diet.

Stall: Not losing weight for a sustained period of time. See section on Interruptions to Losing Weight.

VLCD: Stands for Very Low Calorie Diet.

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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential – Wikipedia

Posted: April 3, 2019 at 2:41 pm

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.[1] The opposite of an inhibitory postsynaptic potential is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), which is a synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential. IPSPs can take place at all chemical synapses, which use the secretion of neurotransmitters to create cell to cell signalling. Inhibitory presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters that then bind to the postsynaptic receptors; this induces a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic neuronal membrane to particular ions. An electric current that changes the postsynaptic membrane potential to create a more negative postsynaptic potential is generated, i.e. the postsynaptic membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential, and this is called hyperpolarisation. To generate an action potential, the postsynaptic membrane must depolarizethe membrane potential must become more positive than the resting membrane potential. Therefore, hyperpolarisation of the postsynaptic membrane makes it less likely for depolarisation to sufficiently occur to generate an action potential in the postsynaptic neurone.

Depolarization can also occur due to an IPSP if the reverse potential is between the resting threshold and the action potential threshold. Another way to look at inhibitory postsynaptic potentials is that they are also a chloride conductance change in the neuronal cell because it decreases the driving force.[2] This is because, if the neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft causes an increase in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to chloride ions by binding to ligand-gated chloride ion channels and causing them to open, then chloride ions, which are in greater concentration in the synaptic cleft, diffuse into the postsynaptic neurone. As these are negatively charged ions, hyperpolarisation results, making it less likely for an action potential to be generated in the postsynaptic neurone. Microelectrodes can be used to measure postsynaptic potentials at either excitatory or inhibitory synapses.

In general, a postsynaptic potential is dependent on the type and combination of receptor channel, reverse potential of the postsynaptic potential, action potential threshold voltage, ionic permeability of the ion channel, as well as the concentrations of the ions in and out of the cell; this determines if it is excitatory or inhibitory. IPSPs always want to keep the membrane potential more negative than the action potential threshold and can be seen as a "transient hyperpolarization".[3] EPSPs and IPSPs compete with each other at numerous synapses of a neuron. This determines whether or not the action potential at the presynaptic terminal regenerates at the postsynaptic membrane. Some common neurotransmitters involved in IPSPs are GABA and glycine.

This system[1] IPSPs can be temporally summed with subthreshold or suprathreshold EPSPs to reduce the amplitude of the resultant postsynaptic potential. Equivalent EPSPs (positive) and IPSPs (negative) can cancel each other out when summed. The balance between EPSPs and IPSPs is very important in the integration of electrical information produced by inhibitory and excitatory synapses.

The size of the neuron can also affect the inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Simple temporal summation of postsynaptic potentials occurs in smaller neurons, whereas in larger neurons larger numbers of synapses and ionotropic receptors as well as a longer distance from the synapse to the soma enables the prolongation of interactions between neurons.

GABA is a very common neurotransmitter used in IPSPs in the adult mammalian brain and retina.[1][4] GABA receptors are pentamers most commonly composed of three different subunits (, , ), although several other subunits (,, , , ) and conformations exist. The open channels are selectively permeable to chloride or potassium ions (depending on the type of receptor) and allow these ions to pass through the membrane. If the electrochemical potential of the ion is more negative than that of the action potential threshold then the resultant conductance change that occurs due to the binding of GABA to its receptors keeps the postsynaptic potential more negative than the threshold and decreases the probability of the postsynaptic neuron completing an action potential. Glycine molecules and receptors work much in the same way in the spinal cord, brain, and retina.

There are two types of inhibitory receptors:

Ionotropic receptors (also known as ligand-gated ion channels) play an important role in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.[1] A neurotransmitter binds to the extracellular site and opens the ion channel that is made up of a membrane-spanning domain that allows ions to flow across the membrane inside the postsynaptic cell. This type of receptor produces very fast postsynaptic actions within a couple of milliseconds of the presynaptic terminal receiving an action potential. These channels influence the amplitude and time-course of postsynaptic potentials as a whole. Ionotropic GABA receptors are used in binding for various drugs such as barbiturates (Phenobarbital, pentobarbital), steroids, and picrotoxin. Benzodiazepines (Valium) bind to the and subunits of GABA receptors to improve GABAergic signaling. Alcohol also modulates ionotropic GABA receptors.

Metabotropic receptors, or G-protein-coupled receptors, do not use ion channels in their structure; they, instead, consist of an extracellular domain that binds to a neurotransmitter and an intracellular domain that binds to G-protein.[1] This begins the activation of the G-protein, which then releases itself from the receptor and interacts with ion channels and other proteins to open or close ion channels through intracellular messengers. They produce slow postsynaptic responses (from milliseconds to minutes) and can be activated in conjunction with ionotropic receptors to create both fast and slow postsynaptic potentials at one particular synapse. Metabotropic GABA receptors, heterodimers of R1 and R2 subunits, use potassium channels instead of chloride. They can also block calcium ion channels to hyperpolarize postsynaptic cells.

There are many applications of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to the real world. Drugs that affect the actions of the neurotransmitter can treat neurological and psychological disorders through different combinations of types of receptors, G-proteins, and ion channels in postsynaptic neurons.

For example, studies researching opioid receptor-mediated receptor desensitizing and trafficking in the locus cereleus of the brain are being performed. When a high concentration of agonist is applied for an extended amount of time (fifteen minutes or more), hyperpolarization peaks and then decreases. This is significant because it is a prelude to tolerance; the more opioids one needs for pain the greater the tolerance of the patient. These studies are important because it helps us to learn more about how we deal with pain and our responses to various substances that help treat pain. By studying our tolerance to pain, we can develop more efficient medications for pain treatment.[5]

In addition, research is being performed in the field of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, which deals with reward, and the substantia nigra, which is involved with movement and motivation. Metabotropic responses occur in dopamine neurons through the regulation of the excitability of cells. Opioids inhibit GABA release; this decreases the amount of inhibition and allows them to fire spontaneously. Morphine and opioids relate to inhibitory postsynaptic potentials because they induce disinhibition in dopamine neurons.[5]

IPSPs can also be used to study the input-output characteristics of an inhibitory forebrain synapse used to further study learned behaviorfor example in a study of song learning in birds at the University of Washington.[6] Poisson trains of unitary IPSPs were induced at a high frequency to reproduce postsynaptic spiking in the medial portion of the dorsalateral thalamic nucleus without any extra excitatory inputs. This shows an excess of thalamic GABAergic activation. This is important because spiking timing is needed for proper sound localization in the ascending auditory pathways. Songbirds use GABAergic calyceal synaptic terminals and a calcyx-like synapse such that each cell in the dorsalateral thalamic nucleus receives at most two axon terminals from the basal ganglia to create large postsynaptic currents.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are also used to study the basal ganglia of amphibians to see how motor function is modulated through its inhibitory outputs from the striatum to the tectum and tegmentum.[7] Visually guided behaviors may be regulated through the inhibitory striato-tegmental pathway found in amphibians in a study performed at the Baylor College of Medicine and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The basal ganglia in amphibians is very important in receiving visual, auditory, olfactory, and mechansensory inputs; the disinhibitory striato-protecto-tectal pathway is important in prey-catching behaviors of amphibians. When the ipsilateral striatum of an adult toad was electrically stimulated, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials were induced in binocular tegmental neurons, which affects the visual system of the toad.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials can be inhibited themselves through a signaling process called "depolarized-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI)" in CA1 pyramidal cells and cerebellar Purkinje cells.[8][9] In a laboratory setting step depolarizations the soma have been used to create DSIs, but it can also be achieved through synaptically induced depolarization of the dendrites. DSIs can be blocked by ionotropic receptor calcium ion channel antagonists on the somata and proximal apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells. Dendritic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials can be severely reduced by DSIs through direct depolarization.

Along these lines, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are useful in the signaling of the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex.[10] EPSPs are amplified by persistent sodium ion conductance in external tufted cells. Low-voltage activated calcium ion conductance enhances even larger EPSPs. The hyperpolarization activated nonselective cation conductance decreases EPSP summation and duration and they also change inhibitory inputs into postsynaptic excitation. IPSPs come into the picture when the tufted cells membranes are depolarized and IPSPs then cause inhibition. At resting threshold IPSPs induce action potentials. GABA is responsible for much of the work of the IPSPs in the external tufted cells.

Another interesting study of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials looks at neuronal theta rhythm oscillations that can be used to represent electrophysiological phenomena and various behaviors.[11][12] Theta rhythms are found in the hippocampus and GABAergic synaptic inhibition helps to modulate them. They are dependent on IPSPs and started in either CA3 by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and within C1 by the activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. When interneurons are activated by metabotropic acetylcholine receptors in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices, a theta pattern of IPSPs in pyramidal cells occurs independent of the input. This research also studies DSIs, showing that DSIs interrupt metabotropic acetylcholine-initiated rhythm through the release of endocannabinoids. An endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism can disrupt theta IPSPs through action potentials delivered as a burst pattern or brief train. In addition, the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors removes any theta IPSP activity through a G-protein, calcium ionindependent pathway.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials have also been studied in the Purkinje cell through dendritic amplification. The study focused in on the propagation of IPSPs along dendrites and its dependency of ionotropic receptors by measuring the amplitude and time-course of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential. The results showed that both compound and unitary inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are amplified by dendritic calcium ion channels. The width of a somatic IPSP is independent of the distance between the soma and the synapse whereas the rise time increases with this distance. These IPSPs also regulate theta rhythms in pyramidal cells.On the other hand, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are depolarizing and sometimes excitatory in immature mammalian spinal neurons because of high concentrations of intracellular chloride through ionotropic GABA or glycine chloride ion channels.[13] These depolarizations activate voltage-dependent calcium channels. They later become hyperpolarizing as the mammal matures. To be specific, in rats, this maturation occurs during the perinatal period when brain stem projects reach the lumbar enlargement. Descending modulatory inputs are necessary for the developmental shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. This was studied through complete spinal cord transections at birth of rats and recording IPSPs from lumbar motoneurons at the end of the first week after birth.

Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, is usually associated with excitatory postsynaptic potentials in synaptic transmission. However, a study completed at the Vollum Institute at the Oregon Health Sciences University demonstrates that glutamate can also be used to induce inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in neurons.[14] This study explains that metabotropic glutamate receptors feature activated G proteins in dopamine neurons that induce phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The resultant products bind to inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptors through calcium ion channels. The calcium comes from stores and activate potassium conductance, which causes a pure inhibition in the dopamine cells. The changing levels of synaptically released glutamate creates an excitation through the activation of ionotropic receptors, followed by the inhibition of metabotropic glutamate receptors.

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Adult Stem Cell Success Story | Kidney Disease | SCRF

Posted: March 31, 2019 at 5:45 am

Rob Waddell knew at an early age that he would need a kidney transplant. His mother has had two transplants and polycystic kidney disease runs in his family. "Ive had two uncles thatve died from this disease. At early ages. I mean they went on dialysis, they had a transplant, something happened, theyre no longer here. Their kids are, without, without a dad!", Rob said.

So when his doctor told him he had to go on dialysis and that a transplant was imminent it was no surprise. Having watched his mother suffer the ups and downs of taking anti-rejection drugs her whole life, he was thrilled to find out there was another option. He entered a clinical trial whereby he would receive an adult stem cell transplant from his kidney donor at the time of the kidney transplant surgery. The donors adult stem cells would allow Rob to accept the same donors kidney, essentially re-training his immune system so that it would recognize the donor kidney as part of Robs own body.

Rob says, "Well, I decided to do the stem cell transplant because I didnt want to live the rest of my life on immune rejection drugs. The good and the bad of immune suppressant drugs is they let the kidney stay in your body. The bad part is that slowly over time it kills the kidney. Its toxic to the kidney. So those drugs, over time, will cause the kidney to fail. My wife, Karen, she, when I proposed the idea of me doing this stem cell study, she was really kind of concerned. I mean she didnt want me to do it because it was new."

Karen Waddell remembers what she said when she heard about the adult stem cell transplant, "I told him I was totally against it from the beginning. Didnt like it. I said, you can just have a normal transplant. Your mom has lived through it. You know, well just adjust."

Rob says, "Seeing my mother go through the repercussions of having kidney disease and the transplant and immune rejection drugs, probably was the number one foundation for me pursuing this."

After the stem cell infusion, Karen says, Rob was like a new man. "Its like hes rejuvenated. Its amazing. He's alert. All his faculties are working great. And for him to be just drug-free, oh its wonderful!

"We call him my fifth child and other people that know us too, theyll tease, because you will see him rip-sticking around the neighborhood, or on the trampoline. So Im thankful that he was able to just be determined and have that drive and the foresight to know that he was going to get those stem cells.

Today Rob lives a full and active life chasing four kids around the soccer, baseball and lacrosse fields of Louisville, Kentucky.

"I feel so fortunate, because Ive been blessed with this. I mean truly a new lease on life. I feel fantastic. My kids could tell you that. I mean I wear them out half the time and I didnt before.

Actually, almost every day since then, I just walk around and Im like, Wow! I feel so goodI mean is this really happening? These adult stem cells to me were a chance to live a normal life.and its amazing."

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Inova Integrative and Functional Medicine – Inova

Posted: March 31, 2019 at 5:45 am

Going forward, we will using MyChart: Personal and Secure Health Record.Learn more about MyChart

Inova Integrative and Functional Medicine emphasizes nutrition, exercise and lifestyle adjustments for optimum health. We use approaches that are backed by proven research and studies. Learn about our services

Our physicians listen closely to patients during new visits that typically last an hour, asking questions about all aspects of their lifestyle to create a complete picture. Our integrative approach combines conventional and complementary therapies to facilitate healing for acute and chronic conditions. Meet our physicians

Functional Medicine addresses the underlying causes of disease, using a systems-oriented approach and engaging both patient and practitioner in a therapeutic partnership. It is an evolution in the practice of medicine that better addresses the healthcare needs of the 21st century. By shifting the traditional disease-centered focus of medical practice to a more patient-centered approach, Functional Medicine addresses the whole person, not just an isolated set of symptoms. Functional Medicine practitioners spend time with their patients, listening to their histories and looking at the interactions among genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that can influence long-term health and complex, chronic disease. In this way, Functional Medicine supports the unique expression of health and vitality for each individual. Learn more about Functional Medicine

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Epigenetics: Will It Change the Way We Treat Disease? – Dr. Axe

Posted: March 30, 2019 at 11:47 am

What if the decisions you make today affect not just your health, but the health of your family for several generations to come? It sounds a bit crazy sure, your mid-afternoon sugar habit could lead to you packing on a few pounds over the years, but how in the world would it affect offspring you dont even have yet?

Welcome to the wild world of epigenetics.

Epigenetics is an emerging field of science that, eventually, could have massive implications on how we address our health and that of future generations. The world literally means on top of the genes, and that sums up the epigenomes role in the body.

All of us have DNA which, unless you have an identical twin, is completely unique. Almost every cell in our body contains all of our DNA and all of the genes that make us who we are; this is known as the genome. But obviously we are not all made up of just one type of cell. Our brain cells do different things from those in our heart, for instance, who behave differently than our skin cells. If all of our cells have the same information, how is it that they do different things?

This is where epigenetics comes in. Its basically a layer of instruction on top of our DNA that tells it what to switch on, how to perform and so forth. You can think of it like an orchestra: our DNA is the music, and the epigenome is the conductor, telling the cells what to do and when. Everyones personal orchestra is a little bit different. So while the epigenome doesnt change our DNA, its responsible for deciding what genes will be expressed in your bodys cells.

Heres how it works: each cell with all of your DNA waits for outside instruction to give it instructions. This comes in the form of a methyl group, a compound made from carbon and hydrogen. These methyl groups bind to the genes, letting them know when to express themselves and when to stay dormant, and they bind differently depending on where in the body the DNA is. Smart, eh?

Histones also play a role in epigenetics and how genes express themselves. Histones are the protein molecules that DNA wind itself around. How tightly wound the DNA is around the histone plays a role in how strongly a gene expresses itself. So the methyl groups tell the cell what it is (youre a skin cell, and heres what you do), and histones decide how much the cell is going to crank up the volume, so to speak. Every cell in your body has this methyl and histone combination, instructing it what to do and how much to do. Without the epigenome giving instructions to your cells, the genome, our bodies wouldnt know what to do.

What makes this interesting is that while our genome is the same from the time we are born to when we die, our epigenome changes throughout our lifetime, deciding what genes need to be turned on or off (expressed or not expressed). Sometimes these changes happen during major physical changes to our body, like when we hit puberty or when women are pregnant. But, as science is beginning to discover, external factors to our environment can prompt epigenetic changes as well.

Things like how much physical activity we engage in, what and how much we eat, our stress levels, whether we smoke or drink heavily and more can all make changes to our epigenome by affecting how methyl groups attach to the cells. In turn, changing the way methyl bonds to the cells can cause mistakes, which can lead to disease and other disorders.

It seems like because the epigenome is constantly changing, that each new human would start with a clean, fresh epigenome slate that is, that parents wouldnt pass their epigenomes on to their offspring. And while thats what should happen, sometimes these epigenetic changes get stuck on the genes and are passed down to future generations.

One example of this is the Dutch Hunger Winter Syndrome. Babies who were exposed to famine prenatally during World War II in the Netherlands had an increased risk of metabolic disease later in life and had different DNA methylation of a particular gene when compared to their same-sex siblings who were not exposed to famine. These changes persisted six decades later. (1)

Another study found that while identical twins are largely epigenetically indistinguishable from each other when theyre first born, as they aged, there were vast differences in their methyl groups and histones, affecting how their genes express themselves, and accounting for differences in their health. (2)

Damaged or weakened DNA that is replicated can inevitably create alternative epigenetic expression states that can affect several generations. A 2017 study discovered impaired DNA replication in roundworms increased expression from a non-expressed transgene or natural genetic material that has the potential to change the physical characteristics of an organism. Additionally, impaired DNA replication during embryonic or prenatal development has epigenetic consequences for a genomeor the organisms complete set of DNA. (3)

So far, it sounds like epigenetics is just kind of scary the worst of our habits or life situations being passed down not only to our children, but perhaps even our grandchildren. While epigenetics is still very much in its infancy, there is a lot to be excited about.

1. It could change the way we treat disease. Because the epigenome controls how genes behave, an erroneous epigenome can behave like a genetic mutation. This can lead to an increased risk for diseases like cancer or autoimmune disorders, even if the genes below the epigenome are perfectly normal. As we learn more about what causes those epigenetic errors, scientists can develop drugs that would manipulate the methyl groups or histones that are causing the epigenomic errors, potentially finding a cure for the subset of diseases caused by epigenetics.

2. It could change the way we treat addiction. We already know that some people are more vulnerable to addiction than others. But there is no one addiction gene, as its a combination of inherited and environmental factors that lead to addiction. Researchers have now found that epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the brain when it comes to addiction, influencing how the genes express themselves to develop addiction and also how the predisposition to addiction is passed along to future generations. (4) (5)

A better understanding of how the epigenome affects addiction could mean changing the way addiction is treated in order to prevent a persons offspring from an increased risk of addiction.

3. It could change the way we address trauma. One of the earlier theories around epigenetics is how traumatic events like surviving the Holocaust might change a person epigenome, along with that of their offspring. One small study suggests that the children of Holocaust survivors inherited a specific response to stress. (6)

Another found that children of women pregnant during the September 11 attacks had lower levels of cortisol, which could leave them more vulnerable to post-traumatic stress disorder. (7) These were both small studies and have their detractors, but while these studies might not be conclusive, its not a stretch to think that major traumatic events could find a way of altering someones epigenome enough to pass down to offspring.

Epigenetics is still extremely young, and many of the studies around the topic are quite small, so its hard to say anything is conclusive. Additionally, sometimes epigenetics seems like just one more thing that women who might potentially one become pregnant must worry about (though investigators believe that fathers could pass down epigenetic information at the time of conception, not enough research in humans has been done yet). This could get morally murky in terms of how we dictate what women can and cannot do because they might someday bear children.

No one is sure just how much what we do influences the epigenome, either. While doing all of the usual things like sticking to a healthy diet, exercising regularly, limiting alcohol will all positively affect your health, can they reverse previous damage to the epigenome? Its still unclear in humans. Most of the work done on epigenetics thus far has been on animals, and how much this translates to people remains to be seen.

There is one glimmer of hope in the animal world, though. A study done on rats found that the babies of mothers who were attentive were happier than those with inattentive mothers. There was a difference in the methylation levels between the happy and less happy baby rats, which affected how the gene that controlled their stress response was expressed. But when the less happy babies were adopted by the more attentive rat mothers, they actually grew up to be happier that is, the methyl differences werent permanent and were able to be changed. (8)

Read Next: Telomeres Can Unlock the Key to Longevity

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