Category Archives: Human Genetics

Steve Horvath, a geneticist who was able to reverse nine peoples biological clock recently, spoke to Down To Earth about the study

A group of scientists in the US have, for the first time, been able to reverse the biological clock of nine volunteers by 2.5 years by just administering a cocktail of drugs for a year.

The lead scientist Steve Horvath is a professor of human genetics and biostatistics in the David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Fielding School of Public Health. In an interview, hetoldDown To Earth about the studyits findings and the likely ramifications of the breakthrough. Excerpts:

What prompted the study and is it the first one to suggest that the biological clock of humans can be reversed?

My collaborator Greg Fahy aimed to develop a treatment for rejuvenating the thymus (a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity. It atrophies with age). After the study, he contacted me to test whether this treatment can also reverse the epigenetic age of blood samples.

I invented several epigenetic clocks for measuring the age of blood and other tissues. I have evaluated many other treatments with the epigenetic clock method. None of the other treatments had an effect. Greg Fahy's cocktail was the first to reverse epigenetic age.

What can be the ramifications of the study?

We have only accomplished the first step. It is a very important step but more work is needed. We need to repeat the study using a larger group of people. If these results are true, they will have profound effects on public health.

A rejuvenation treatment promises to delay the onset of most chronic diseases including heart disease and cancer. Also, a rejuvenated thymus promises to rejuvenate the immune system which means that our body could avoid autoimmune diseases and dangerous infectious diseases.

Many older people die of pneumonia because their immune system does not work well anymore.

What do you plan to do next?

We plan to conduct a larger replication study that involves about 100 people, which will consist of both men and women. We need to carefully evaluate this treatment.

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'Rejuvenation treatment can delay onset of heart diseases, cancer' - Down To Earth Magazine

In the summer of 2016, 100 teenage girls living in Californias Salinas Valley slipped silicone bracelets onto their wrists and committed to keep them there for a week. Around the same time, 92 preschoolers in Oregon accessorized the same way. The bands found their way onto the wrists of farmworkers in Peru and Houston residents working to rebuild after Hurricane Harvey. Aside from color, the wristbands looked much the same as the yellow Livestrong bracelets popularized by cyclist Lance Armstrong in the early 2000s.

But this was not some fashion trend shared by teenage girls, farmworkers and preschoolers. These bands were research tools, whose porous silicone made them ideal for soaking up chemicals in their surroundings. All were worn as part of a growing effort to understand just what is present in different environments and how those exposures be they pesticides, smoke, floodwater contaminants or just the day-to-day contents of a preschool classroom can affect health.

Using satellite imagery and ground-based monitors, researchers modeled mean concentrations of nitrogen dioxide a component of air pollution known to increase risk of respiratory and cardiovascular disease across Belgium on a weekday in 2015. Adding data from 5 million cell phone users helped reveal individual exposures, providing a more accurate picture than regional data alone.

CREDIT: B. DEWULF ET AL / INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH GEOGRAPHICS 2016

In homes, on buildings, from satellites and even in apps on the phone in your pocket, tools to monitor the environment are on the rise. At the intersection of public health and toxicology, these tools are fueling a new movement in exposure science. Its called the exposome and it represents the sum of all environmental exposures over a lifetime. As explored in a trio of papers in the Annual Review of Public Health, scientists think that if we knew every substance that a person was exposed to at every moment ever, it could give rise to dramatic improvements in the understanding of the causes and risk factors for disease.

That goal, its architects will readily admit, is absurdly ambitious even impossible. But even imperfectly realized, the approach may be whats needed to finally understand why one person develops a disease and another doesnt, which environmental exposures are the most worrying and if there are windows of vulnerability times of life when exposures may be especially harmful.

We think about all health and illness as a combination of genes and the environment, and now it really is time to fill out the environment side of that equation, says Julia Brody, a toxicologist affiliated with Brown University and the leader of the Silent Spring Institute, which studies environmental links to breast cancer. Weve made an enormous investment in understanding the genome and almost nothing comparatively to focus on the exposome.

Impossible or not, researchers are forging ahead, breaking off bits and pieces of a lifetimes exposure to put under the microscope. Still, discussions continue about how to make real progress and how to collect and examine information in a meaningful way.

Some scientists are advocating for more air monitors in cities and homes. Others are developing wearable monitors that soak up pieces of the environment as people move through their day. Some are trying to match tracking data from cell phones to satellite indicators of air quality, helping to assess individual exposures based on a persons locale and movements. Still other researchers are looking inside the body, hoping to identify chemical footprints that distinct exposures may have left behind.

Bracelets made of porous silicone passively soak up chemicals from the environment. The material can trap thousands of airborne substances, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and flame retardants. Researchers are taking advantage of the lightweight bracelets to detect chemicals that study participants encounter in their day-to-day lives.

CREDIT: KNOWABLE MAGAZINE. SOURCE: OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY EHSC

Though varied, the approaches share the goal of adding breadth to traditional exposure science studies, which have historically focused on linking a single disease to one or more suspicious exposures, often as cases build up over time. A history of poisoned lead workers dating back to the time of the Romans led modern researchers to demonstrate that even low levels of lead from automobile exhaust posed a serious public health risk. And a startling spike in lung cancer cases alongside increased smoking popularity drove researchers to perform focused studies on the dangers of cigarettes in the mid-twentieth century.

But many potentially harmful exposures could be far less obvious. The air you breathe, the food you eat, the products you use, the medicines you take, the surfaces you touch all may contain multitudes of invisible chemicals (many naturally occurring, others not) and microbes you never know youve contacted. Thus, exposure science remains far from what it would ideally be: a guide to avoiding disease risk. Exposome scientists want to change that by capturing as broad a picture as possible. They want to ask not only if certain chemicals or microbes can harm health, but also if certain substances are dangerous in particular combinations, during particular times such as during pregnancy or to particular groups of people.

It was a concern for unexplained diseases that led cancer researcher Christopher Wild to first come up with the term exposome in 2005. Wild had closely followed the race to sequence the human genome, which had successfully concluded two years prior, and worried that, in its eagerness to advance genetics, the world had forgotten the importance of environmental exposures in health. Its a sentiment that has only grown stronger in recent years as genetics has failed to yield clear links to many cancers and other diseases. A recent study looked at the prevalence of 28 chronic conditions in twins and found that genetics explained less than 20 percent of the risk in most of the illnesses examined. Even in asthma which ranked highest in terms of genetic contribution genetics explained less than 50 percent of the risk. For leukemia on the other end of the rankings genetics explained only 3 percent.

I was excited about the genetics, says Wild, who formerly directed the World Health Organizations International Agency for Research on Cancer. But I felt it was an imbalance in the tools and the investment that we had available, and that was going to lead to problems. If we cant measure this other component, were not going to get to the bottom of the problem.

To remind the world that the genome was only half the equation, Wild coined an ome of his own. He hoped that if the two factors had mirroring names it would push other scientists to think of them as having equal importance. It took some time, but slowly his colleagues have begun to rally around the idea. Efforts to develop sophisticated devices that sample the world around us are on the rise. And new research groups are forming around the world to bring together the technology and expertise needed to process the vast amounts of data that will come from emerging exposomics projects.

One example is the Childrens Health Exposure Analysis Resource, a network of US laboratories and other resources established by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to support researchers who want to add a stronger environmental component to their studies. CHEAR will allow scientists to test for more chemicals that children may be exposed to hundreds to thousands at once and will develop standardized testing to allow for data comparison across studies. The importance of such a resource is to help researchers break away from looking at a small number of potential threats at a time and start moving toward a way to take into account the entire realm of exposures, says Susan Teitelbaum, a member of CHEARs executive committee and a public health researcher at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.

Efforts so far have focused largely on establishing the technology, methods and collaborations needed to move forward, but early studies have already yielded some small insights. A preliminary study that used wristbands to examine chemical exposure in preschoolers found that, as they go about their daily lives, children are exposed to many flame retardants even some that have been phased out due to concerns about toxicity.

Pilot studies to test new devices have led to a few, more personal realizations as well. Katherine Sward, a biomedical informatics researcher at the University of Utah, reported that a family trying out an in-home air monitor realized that vacuuming right before a visit from their childs asthmatic friend might actually lead to more, not less, risk after the cleaning launched dust particles into the air. In another pilot, a researcher using a portable monitor to track exposure to airborne particles concluded that he was allergic to eucalyptus, not pine, as he previously believed, when he noted that his worst symptoms seemed to correlate with high levels of eucalyptus pollen detected by his device.

Can real-time information about indoor air pollution help reduce peoples exposures? In a pilot study, University of Utah researchers outfitted homes with indoor and outdoor air monitors and gave participants tablets that displayed changes in air quality. When the monitors detected a spike in airborne particulates, participants received a text asking about their activities. Pink triangles note activities like cooking, vacuuming or hosting a barbeque.

CREDIT: J. MOORE ET AL / NIH PRISMS / UNIVERSITY OF UTAH

Researchers are still a long way from tracking even a fraction of the potential threats that surround us. Some think it might be more practical to tackle the problem by focusing on whats inside the body, hunting for traces of past exposures. Signatures left over in blood, urine, teeth and even toenails can hint at previous exposures. Blood in particular holds clues that can let researchers work backwards to match biological changes to triggering exposures, says Dean Jones, a biochemist at Emory University in Atlanta and coauthor of a 2019 article about the promise of the exposome paradigm in the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The dream, he says, is to someday be able to create a readout of how the body is being affected by the environment and then determine the substances an individual should avoid, based on how they respond to each one.

All people are pre-disease, Jones says. The vision is that we will have tools good enough to put data together into predictive programs and the predictive programs will say: You are likely to develop renal disease when you are in your 50s and if you do a, b, c, youll reduce that risk.

In blood, Jones can look for metabolites, small molecules broken down or created by body processes. With tens of thousands of detectable components that hint at what the body is doing chemically, metabolites may be one possible alphabet scientists could use to read back whats happened internally following various exposures.

The human serum albumin protein captures and removes harmful compounds found circulating in the blood. Scientists can examine specific sites on this protein to determine which compounds have been bound. Some researchers think this interior view of exposures will help identify compounds that may be unusually high in people with diseases.

CREDIT: S.M. RAPPAPORT ET AL / TOXICOLOGY LETTERS 2012

At the UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Stephen Rappaport is exploring a different language found in blood. By examining human serum albumin a protein that vacuums up damaging compounds circulating in blood Rappaport can look for the residues those compounds have left behind. Both Jones and Rappaport think they can link these internal signs to external exposures. Eventually they aim to identify the ones that pose harm.

Blood can provide a snapshot of the goings-on inside the body, says Rappaport. Most of the things we think about as being toxic or protective from disease are things that are actively transported by the blood.

Even if scientists can count on the body to point to harmful chemicals, other challenges remain. Once scientists have found something in the blood, they must try to trace it back to a known chemical in a database. But they often wont find a match. The vast majority of the worlds chemicals (both natural and human-made) have never been characterized and new chemicals are created all the time.

Simply getting a handle on how many chemicals are out there is harder than it sounds. A recent study attempted this in 100 consumer products. Toothpaste contained 85 chemicals, while one plastic childrens toy contained about 300. Across all the products, the study detected 4,270 unique chemical signatures and tentatively identified 1,602 of those. But only 30 percent of those 1,602 chemicals could be matched to public lists of known ingredients in consumer products or compounds of toxicological interest.

Theres got to be tens of millions hundreds of millions, if not more, says Jon Sobus, an environmental health scientist at the US Environmental Protection Agency and coauthor on the consumer products study. Where does the number of chemicals end?

With so many unknowns, scientists are left with a huge number-crunching issue, making the exposome, like so many fields today, a big data problem. Thats forcing scientists to devise new ways to analyze the information they collect. One approach gaining popularity borrows from a common, if sometimes controversial, method in genetics. Dubbed the genome-wide association study, or GWAS, the method looks to see which of thousands of genes vary in conjunction with a particular disease or symptom.

In 2010, Harvard bioinformatician Chirag Patel adapted the GWAS into an environment-wide association study to see how 266 environmental factors varied in step with the risk of developing type II diabetes. The study rediscovered certain factors already linked to diabetes risk, but also pointed researchers to other potential risks, including a dietary component of vitamin E and heptachlor, a pesticide previously linked to type II diabetes in workers who applied it, but not known to have an effect at smaller levels in the general population.

After this, other researchers adopted the EWAS method to look for substances that might confer risk and should be studied further. In a 2011 study examining metabolites in human plasma, researchers found three small molecules that correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease later on. One of these was trimethylamine N-oxide, or TMAO. TMAO is a byproduct of choline, which is found in certain foods, including meat and eggs. Researchers realized that certain gut microbes converted choline to an intermediate compound, which was then broken down to TMAO in the liver. In mice, high TMAO levels corresponded to thickened artery walls. The researchers proposed that manipulating a patients microbiome might be able to protect people from this type of dietary exposure.

The study was applauded by researchers like Rappaport, who sees it as a validation of the EWAS method. Still GWAS itself is far from perfect and the EWAS faces many additional challenges when compared to its genetic predecessor. A genome-wide study is contained in a way that an environment-wide search is not. Humans have a lot of genes about 20,000 that code for proteins. But that number pales in comparison to the number of things people might encounter in the environment. And unlike the genome which is packaged together in a place we know how to find our exposures can be anywhere at any time in any quantity.

The sheer scope of the problem is daunting to researchers just hearing about the exposome. But for Sobus, its not unlike the early days of genomics, when many wondered if mapping the human genome was an unfeasible goal. As more tools and resources are created, more scientists are finding ways to incorporate the idea into their studies, he says. And each researcher who decides to tackle even a small chunk helps move the field forward.

I think everyone kind of goes through that growth period of a little bit of disbelief, he says. Then you start warming up to it and you want to get on the band wagon.

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The next omics? Tracking a lifetime of exposures to better understand disease - Knowable Magazine

About 268,000 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer this year, and 41,000 will die from the disease. Now, a study by a Louisiana researcher suggests a drug to prevent breast cancer or stop its progression may already exist.

Suresh Alahari, a professorof biochemistry and genetics at the LSU Health New Orleans School of Medicine, published research last week indicating that metformin, a drug typically prescribed to diabetes patients, might also keep cancerous tumors from forming.

The study used genetically altered mice to test whether metformin could raise levels of a key enzyme linked to tumor prevention.

The mice were intentionally made deficient in a protein called nischarin, which in turn made an enzyme known as AMPK inactive. Mice that didn't receive metformin developed tumors all over their bodies. The mice that were given metformin, which activates AMPK, saw a much smaller incidence of tumor development than mice that were genetically normal.

That tells us this gene is protecting animals from getting tumors, said Alahari, a breast cancer researcher.

The Gulf of Mexicos tiny, overworked fleet of research vessels is finally getting a flagship.

The study adds to a growing body of research on metformin, which regulates blood sugar, and has been called a possible miracle drug with the potential to help patients suffering from a raft of diseases.

Off-label, metformin is regularly prescribed for polycystic ovarian syndrome and prediabetes, though the Food and Drug Administration has not approved its use for those purposes. It's also increasingly being taken by a group known as "superagers" who are on a quest to retard the aging process and extend their years of healthy living.

A search on clinicaltrials.gov, the federal website that tracks ongoing clinical trials, shows its being studied as a possible aid against dementia, frailty, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, various cancers and aging.

Researchers are starting to address how one drug, a chemical version of a plant that for centuries was used to treat frequent urination, could address so many different diseases.

The short answer to that very important question is that nobody knows, said Gerardo Ferbeyre,a biochemistry professor at the University of Montreal.We can say for sure that it acts in mitochondria, he said, referring to the part of a cell that generates energy.

One way it may work, he said, is by inhibiting inflammation. The other way that has been proposed is through activating AMPK, the enzyme studied at LSU.

A long-awaited report released Wednesday by the University Network for Human Rights, a nonprofit founded last year by Stanford University law

Metformin has proved in animal studies to beable to prevent cancers, said Ferbeyre. Its promising. All of the animal models are excellent, he said.

In humans, the drug has mainly been tested in large studies that track how diabetes patients who were prescribed metformin fared against people with the disease who took other drugs to treat their condition. In those patients, cancer risk was significantly lower for those taking metformin.

If you look at epidemiological studies, you find that with metformin there is a reduction in cancer risk somewhere between 30 and 40%, said Dr. Kishore Gadde, the medical director of clinical services at the LSU-affiliatedPennington Biomedical Research Center.

Gadde has studied metformins effect on obesity and longevity. He was not part of Alaharis breast cancer study, but he called the data compelling. Still, he said its too soon to start taking metformin for diseases people dont yet have. The drug has minimal side effects, though it very rarely causes a reaction known as lactic acidosis.

Lets say someone was found to have polyps on a colonoscopy, said Gadde. With polyps, theres an increased risk of colon cancer. Its something to consider in those instances, but at this point we dont have strong evidence to make a recommendation.

In the next few years, more evidence will trickle out of studies on how metformin treats or prevents cancer. The good news: Metformin has been approved for use in the U.S. since 1994 and in France since the 1950s, which means it will not have to go through rigorous safety testing.

But that same fact makes it difficult to fund studies of metformin through big pharmaceutical companies because there is not enough money to be made off of it.

Metformin is very cheap, said Ferbeyre. Its got to be government that will pay for a big clinical trial.

For Alahari, the next step is to implant human breast cancer tissue in mice with and without the nischarin protein that activates AMPK. But results from that are at least five years away, with human trials even further down the line.

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LSU researcher looking at 'miracle drug' metformin as potential weapon against breast cancer - NOLA.com

Adolescence is a time of dramatic change. It marks a period of significant physical transformation such as the drive toward sexual maturity. But it can also be a time of considerable psychological change and social experimentation.

In the United States and elsewhere, such experimentation often takes the form of behaviors deemed deviant or risky. Tobacco use among teens is one such risky behavior. A U.S. Department of Health and Human Services statistic from 2014 noted that most smokers begin the habit during their early teenage years. And it is during these years that this habit typically coalesces into an addiction.

Yet the reasons many adolescents take up smoking are little understood. Social scientists have variously attributed teen smoking to several factors, including, chief among them, genetic predisposition and the influence of peers. Evidence suggests that in some people the propensity to smoke and the addiction to nicotine may be partially governed by genes. At the same time, it is known that peer smoking increases ones risk of taking up the habit.

But few researchers have attempted to combine these two explanations into a coherent hypothesis.

Until now.

Its interesting to think about how social forces and genetic forces, which we usually think of as two separate things, can come together, said Ramina Sotoudeh, a graduate student in sociology at Princeton and the first author of a paper recently published in the Proceedings of the Natural Academy of Sciences that investigates the interplay of genetics and the social environment on teen smoking.

Sotoudeh and her colleagues suggest that a teens decision to smoke is influenced by the genetic makeup of that teens peers especially if those peers have a genetic predisposition to smoke.

A lot of researchers are beginning to look at how the genes of others can affect us, Sotoudeh added. Genes are part of our social environment, theyre not two distinct things. The genes of others are an important aspect of the social environment.

It is well known that genetic material in the form of DNA is passed from parents to offspring, and that certain dominant genes can play a role in the expression of a particular trait, such as eye color. It is also known that a mix of several genes can predispose people toward certain behaviors.

But there is also evidence from recent studies that the parents non-transmitted genes genes that are not passed on can affect their children.

Your parents genes affect you in terms of your education and your health, said Dalton Conley, the Henry Putnam University Professor of Sociology at Princeton and senior author of the study. This includes not just the genes that they gave you when they conceived you, but also the genes they didnt pass on. These end up affecting you because it affects their behavior and therefore it affects how you turn out.

Perhaps even more astonishing, there is mounting evidence suggesting that the behavior of an individual can be influenced by the genes of an unrelated individual such as a peer or friend.

Studies conducted on certain animals like mice have demonstrated evidence that the genes of an unrelated mouse can influence the behavior of another mouse when the two are kept together, when they are cage mates. In the parlance of biology, this is an instance of the genotype (the genetic makeup) of one individual influencing the phenotype (the physical characteristics) of an unrelated individual.

This concept is often referred to as a social genetic effect or an indirect genetic effect, Sotoudeh said. However, she and her colleagues use the term metagenomics, a word borrowed from microbiology, to explain this phenomenon. In microbiology, it denotes all the genetic material of many individual organism present in an environmental sample.

In our case, metagenomics refers to the landscape or ecology of other peoples genes around us, Sotoudeh said. Its the genomic landscape of your social environment.

To investigate the metagenomic effects of smoking, the researchers used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. This is a nation-wide study, began in 1994-95, that sampled students from 132 middle and high schools across the United States. It collected data on the students health, behavior and genetics.

Sotoudeh and her colleagues measured a students genetic propensity to smoke based on what is called a polygenic score. This measurement includes the contribution of all genetic variants identified as contributing to a particular phenotype in this case, a propensity to smoke.

The researchers used these polygenic scores to explore the relationship between an individuals smoking behavior and his or her peers genetic propensity to smoke. The most significant finding, the researchers deemed, was at the grade-level, which was considered a quasi-random distribution because the students did not choose their peers they were in essence thrown together by virtue of age. The polygenic scores for each person in the grade were calculated and converted to an average score that represented each particular grade. Each individual in that grade was then evaluated with reference to the average polygenic score for the grade to which they belonged. The researchers then asked the question: If you happen to be in a grade that has a high average polygenic score, are you also more likely to smoke?

They discovered that this was indeed the case; an individuals smoking behavior was influenced by whether the individuals peer group was genetically predisposed toward smoking. In simplest terms, an individual is more likely to smoke when his or her peers genetic makeup the individuals metagenomic environment is predisposed toward smoking. Surprisingly, this outcome proved an even stronger predictor of smoking behavior than an individuals own genetic makeup.

They further discovered that a minority of students with a high genetic risk to smoke what the researchers called bad apples play a particularly disproportionate role in increasing the likelihood of those around them to smoke. However, students with a very low genetic risk of smoking did not have a protective effect on their peers.

They believe that this is likely the result of smokings visibility as compared to some other activity that does not have an active, visible component. Its hard to spread not doing something, said Conley. Its easier to spread doing something.

Metagenomic studies like this are shedding new light on the old debate about nature versus nurture. They are demonstrating that genes and the environment are constantly involved in a complex interplay that is often mediated by our social environment by our family, our friends and our peers. Consequently, there isnt a clear distinction between the effects of genes, on the one hand, and the environment, on the other.

Our study is another important brick out of the wall between nature and nurture, Conley said. The notion of nature versus nurture as two distinct effects or forces acting on us is really falling apart.

Practically, the researchers believe that the results from this study can help guide public policy. Prevention programs aimed at curbing adolescent smoking might benefit from the insights the paper highlights especially the influence of peers on an individuals smoking behavior.

The paper, Effects of the peer metagenomic environment on smoking behavior, by Ramina Sotoudeh, Kathleen Mullen Harris and Dalton Conley, was published online Aug. 13 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (DOI:10.1073/pnas.1806901116). This work was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), and 23 other federal agencies and foundations. This research used Add Health GWAS data funded by NICHD Grants R01 HD073342 and R01 HD 060726.

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Genes, the social environment and adolescent smoking - Princeton University

By JOHN PURCELL

Recorder News Staff

PERTH Ten exemplary individuals and two standout athletic teams were enshrined Friday in the Greater Amsterdam School District Hall of Fame.

Around 150 people filled The Bridge Walk at Perthshire banquet facility Friday evening for the fifth annual GASD Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony. Five academic inductees and five individuals and two entire teams for the athletic wing were honored that night.

John Purcell/Recorder staffGASD Hall of Fame Committee Chairman Richard Allen delivers remarks during the opening of this years induction ceremony Friday night.

This years academic honorees included the late Gerald Barnell, Dr. Alison Bertuch, the late Art Cotugno, the late Chet Curtis, and the late Jack Saroff. Atheltic inductees included Megan (Gaugler) Sumigray, Brian Benton, Sara (Puglisi) Hisert, Vinnie Nicosia, along with the 1995 state championship-winning football team and the 2007-08 girls basketball team.

The Class of 2019 inductees will also be honored Sunday afternoon during the school districts homecoming parade and football game.

Interim Superintendent Raymond Colucciello said what he has learned since taking over the reins at GASD six months is the quality of the people in the district, which is exemplified by the inductees.

When read through the bios of these individuals you read word likes distinguished, work ethic, mentor, international researcher people who really made a difference in the lives of all of us, Colucciello said. Hall of Fame people are picked because theyve been game-changers. I want to congratulate each and every member of the Hall of Fame.

Amsterdam High School Principal Tyrone OMeally, who stepped into the position almost a year ago, said he had learned the importance of community to GASD.

To all the inductees, my goal is that Im currently in the process of grooming kids so that they can come back to this one, OMeally said drawing applause from attendees. In order to be selected for this, you have to have made a major mark on Amsterdam.

GASD Hall of Fame Committee Chairman Richard Allen presented past chairman Robert Noto with a plaque honoring his efforts to establish the HOF. Noto, a retired athletic director for GASD, spearheaded the HOF and led the committee for four years.

Barnell, a member of the Class of 1929, was a longtime music teacher in the district and is considered the godfather of GASDs instrumental program.

Over four decades in the district, Barnell started or directed every instrumental performance group playing on a stage in the school district. He was also a vital force in the Montgomery County Music Teachers Association, helping organize the first county music festival.

Barnell also shaped the Amsterdam High School marching band into what has become a prized aspect of the community. He developed the idea to form a majorettes squad and to have its members perform their well-known Rockettes kick line to the tune of Lullaby of Birdland.

Cotugno, a member of the Class of 1954, began his long career in GASD as a Spanish teacher at the high school in 1961. From 1965-69, he worked as the district coordinator of foreign languages. He then transitioned into administration and served as the assistant principal at Theodore Roosevelt Jr. High School. He ascended to become the principal of the junior high and oversaw the schools transition to Lynch Middle School.

Cotugno became director of staff personnel in 1983 and went on to serve as superintendent of schools in 1991. He continued leading the district until his retirement in June 1995. Throughout Cotugnos career, he was involved in several local and statewide organizations.

Bertuch, of the Class of 1981, is known internationally for her research on telomeres and as an expert on bone marrow failure. She serves as the director of the bone marrow failure program at Texas Childrens Hospital. She also is an associate professor of pediatrics and molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine.

Bertuch is an expert in the diagnosis and treatment of bone marrow failure, a condition where bone marrow is replaced with fat cells and no longer produces blood cells. She has published more than 75 research articles and medical textbook chapters, along with giving lectures across the nation and abroad.

Curtis, his given name Chester Kukiewicz, was a member of the Class of 1957 who went on to become one of Bostons leading television news anchors. His career in broadcasting started with stints in Rochester, Washington D.C. and New York City.

Curtis moved to Channel 5 in Boston in 1968, which started his more than 40 years connection to New England events, history and residents. Curtis and his then-wife, Natalie Jacobson, were the top-rated anchor team in Boston for decades. WCVB was named the best news station in the country during Curtis tenure. He received many awards and distinctions throughout his career, including several regional Emmy awards.

For much of his adult life, Curtis dedicated his free time to emceeing numerous charitable events and fundraising for several causes. He hosted the Jerry Lewis Muscular Dystrophy Annual Labor Day Telethon for more than 25 years.

Saroff immigrated to the United States as a young boy during the Russian Revolution. He would go on to become an innovator and champion of science education at Amsterdam High School.

Saroffs four-decade effort to improve the teaching of science at AHS earned him a National Science Foundation Scholarship from Union College and a Shell Merit Scholarship at Cornell University. He also regularly provided science instruction training to elementary school teachers in GASD.

Saroff was a driving force in efforts to make teaching a more attractive career choice. His testimony in 1946 to the governors Education Commission in the state Assembly helped convince the panel to recommend increasing salaries of the states teachers. He was also instrumental in establishing the teachers union in GASD.

Sumigray was honored not only for her individual basketball accomplishments but as a member of the 2007-08 Lady Rams team. The basketball team inducted Friday marked the first female team to earn the Legacy Team honor from the HOF.

Sumigray is the most decorated 3-point shooter in Lady Rams history. As a junior, she broke the programs single-season record for 3-pointers with 57, then broke it again with 59 as a senior. For her career, she sank a school-record 154 shots from beyond the arc.

Nicosia was a four-year football standout for the Rugged Rams at both wide receiver and safety. He went on to attend Colgate, where he played four years as a safety while totaling 124 tackles, three sacks and two interceptions.

As a sophomore, Nicosia played a crucial role in leading Amsterdam to a NYSPHSAA Class A state championship. As a senior, Nicosia was a first-team all-state selection at safety and the Section II Division I most valuable player while also being named to the NYS Golden 50 team as one of the 50 top players in the state.

Benton was a six-year starter for the AHS varsity wrestling team, wrapping up his career with what was, at the time, both a program and Section II record 253 wins. A six-time first-team Big 10 all-star, Benton won five Section II Class B championships, three Section II Division 1 championships and was a three-time place finisher at the state tournament. That was capped off in 2008 when he won the NYSPHSAA state championship and finished second in the Federation tournament.

Hisert is one of the most decorated softball players in Amsterdam history. She also went on to play four years at Division II American International College, where she was a three-year team captain.

Hisert had a spectacular 2005 season at AHS, racking up 204 strikeouts in 103 innings. She was the first-ever unanimous Big 10 softball MVP, finishing the 2005 season with a 0.91 earned run average and leading the Lady Rams to their first sectional playoff win in 23 years en route to a Section II Class AA semifinal appearance.

Cudmore, this years coaching inductee, was a 1968 AHS graduate who played football, basketball and baseball in high school before moving on to a standout four-year football career at the University of Bridgeport. Cudmore then returned home to Amsterdam as a teacher and coach and established a legacy for more than 30 years.

In football, Cudmore was a vital assistant coach during the tenures of Brian Mee, Frank Derrico and Pat Liverio. As a line coach, Cudmore mentored GASD Hall of Fame inductees like Tom Catena, Rich Altieri and Josh Beekman, consistently producing offensive and defensive lines that were among the best in Section II.

In the early 1980s, Cudmore became the head track and field coach at AHS, leading to an explosion in the programs success. Under his leadership, Amsterdam consistently had top finishes at Section II championships in both individual and relay events.

Cudmore was an assistant on the 1995 football team that joined be the 2007-08 girls basketball team as a Legacy Team honoree. In the Rugged Rams final season under Hall of Fame coach Frank Derrico, the Rams became the first Section II football team to win a NYSPHSAA state championship. The Rams defeated Lake Shore 11-8 to capture the Class B title in 1995.

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Ceremony honors 2019 GASD hall inductees - The Recorder

A small segment of the population are born with superhuman sleep needs. Theyre called natural short sleepers, and they wake up refreshed and wide awake on very little sleep. And these individuals share a few other quirks, too. (Credit: Shutterstock)

What do Donald Trump, Elon Musk, and Martha Stewart have in common? Theyre part of the 1 percent.

No, notthat one percent. Instead, were referring to the one percent of people who thrive on far less sleep than what is recommended by doctors and researchers. Scientists label it short sleeper syndrome.

Trump, Musk and Stewart all reportedly get by on less than six hours a night, making them part of the so-called sleepless elite. Most people need around seven to nine hours of sleep a night for overall health and well-being. But it seems that these guidelines dont apply to a small segment of the population officially called natural short sleepers.

Short sleepers wake up feeling refreshed and wide awake, despite clocking six or less hours of sleep per night. Some short sleepers say a mere few hours of shut-eye a night is all they need to feel great.

Its sort of like being both a night owl and early riser at the same time. And, unsurprisingly, this group has caught the interest of researchers due to their sleep efficiency.

Although sleep needs do vary from person to person, natural short sleepers are rare unicorns in sleep research. Understanding their superhuman sleep needs could unlock some of the standing mysteries of sleep, says Ying-Hui Fu, a researcher who studies the genetics and other attributes of short sleepers at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine.

First, lets get some bad news out of the way. If you think youre a short sleeper, youre probably just sleep deprived, like the roughlyone-third of Americans who get less than seven hours of sleep a night.

Around 12 percent of Americans say they feel fine on less than six hours of sleep. But researchers dont think most of these people are natural short sleepers. In fact, studies have found some evidence to suggest that people who are in denial about being sleep deprived are more adversely impacted than they think.

Genuine short sleepers are extremely rare, Fu said in an email to Discover. Their pattern of abbreviated sleep is innate, and they function just as well as someone whos gotten seven to nine hours of rest, if not better.

Natural short sleepers sleep very well and wake up refreshed, wide awake. They are energetic all day long, doing all kinds of activities and enjoying their lives, Fu said.

An important distinction among short sleepers is that they routinely get very little sleep, night after night, and it never seems to catch up with them. They sleep so little because they need less rest to recharge.

If most people routinely got less than six hours of sleep, theyd form a sleep debt and might start to notice consequences for their mood, brain functioning and overall health. But for the short sleeper, none of this happens.

Genuine short sleepers dont depend on caffeine or naps to keep them going, Fu said. Nor do they spend their weekends or vacations catching up on Zs.

Not getting enough sleep has been linked to a number of health conditions, and it can increase the risk of death. But this doesnt seem to apply to natural short sleepers. Where their sleep lacks in quantity, its not lacking in quality.

Their sleep is more efficient in getting sleeps job done, whatever that is, Fu said.

During sleep, the brain repeatedly moves through four stages of REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep in a specific sequence, with the longest period REM period occurring before awakening for the day. Important, restorative processes happen in both REM and non-REM sleep.A 2001 study into the sleep patterns and personalities of short sleepers found that they get plenty ofslow wave sleep, often referred to asdeep sleep or restorative sleep.And it cited work that found short sleepers get less of theREM stage of sleep, the stage when dreams are most easily remembered.

But interestingly, Fus lab hasnt found any difference in how how short sleepers cycle through the sleep stages, except for the fact that they sleep less overall.

From mice that carry the same mutation, we can see that mutant mice have fewer REM and NREM bouts. But, its difficult to know how to compare this with human sleep. We are working on human sleep right now, but it will take some time before we know the answer, she says.

But perhaps most importantly, both sleepers and researchers havent found any reason to be concerned.

The natural short sleepers we study do not have any obvious problems with their brains or health, Fu said.

Depending on your attitude toward sleep, the existence of short sleepers seems almost unfair. Average people spend roughly a third of their lives sleeping, which can feel like a waste of precious time. Just imagine all of the things you could accomplish while the rest of the world is in bed, getting their biological sleep needs met.

And seizing the day or night is exactly what many short sleepers do, Fu said.

Many of them use their extra time to learn skills or languages or pursue their interest, whatever that is, she said.

Fu has met a lot of short sleepers in her work, from all walks of life. She says many of them have a number of traits in common.

In addition to sleeping fewer hours a day, they also are optimistic and energetic. A lot of them are excellent multi-taskers. They have a high pain threshold and usually dont have jet-leg, she said.

The vast majority of short sleepers also seem to share one thing: they can trace their need for little sleep to their childhoods. And, as you might expect, this ability is likely a hereditary hand-me-down.

In 2009, Fus team published a landmark study that found a genetic basis for natural short sleeping. People who inherited a particular mutation in a gene calledDEC2averaged 6.25 hours of sleep. But people who didnt have this mutation averaged the conventional 8.06 hours of sleep a night.

The DEC2 genehelps control levels of orexin, a hormone involved in maintaining wakefulness. In a2014 study, another team of researchers at the Center for Applied Genomicsat the Childrens Hospital ofPhiladelphia found that the presence of the DEC2 variation also improved performance on mental tasks when sleep deprived for 38 hours.

The genetic case for short sleep was made even stronger in 2019, when Fus team uncovered another rare genetic difference found in families of short sleepers, a rare genetic mutation called ADRB1.The findings suggested that ADRB1-expressing brain cells promote wakefulness and may influence sleep and wake cycles.

But these mutations dont explain all cases of short sleepers, Fu said, who added that its still too early to rule out other factors that might make someone a short sleeper.

I think that, for now, genetics is the only obvious way to become a natural short sleeper but there is still so much we dont know yet, Fu said. [But] I dont think lifestyle or experience could make people a natural short sleeper.

Some researchers have dubbed DEC2 the Thatcher gene after U.K. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who famously lived on four hours of shut-eye a night. She once said sleep is for wimps.

Indeed, many other famous short sleepers have expressed similar sentiments through the years. Inventor Thomas Edison once said, Sleepis a criminal waste of time, inherited from ourcave days.

Its easy to get the impression that sleep is a sacrifice one has to make to be successful. But contrary to popular belief, Fu said there is no connection between brilliance and sleep length.

Theres really no scientific evidence out there that says short sleepers are more creative or successful than the rest of the population. While many powerful leaders, artistic geniuses and business moguls report odd sleeping habits, short sleepers are just as likely to be average Joes and Janes, Fu said.

There are many short sleepers who live quiet and normal lives, such as farmers or [they] have regular jobs. But they are satisfied and happy with their lives, Fu said.

But no matter what they do with all of that extra time on their hands, short sleepers seem to be a pretty content bunch. Its not totally clear why so many short sleepers report high levels of happiness and life satisfaction. But the same 2001 study that looked at the sleep quality of short sleepers also examined their personality characteristics. The study noted that short sleepers may be more hypomanic in their approach to life.

Hypomania is a milder form of mania, and its characterized as having higher energy levels, increased confidence, racing thoughts and decreased inhibitions, as well as a decreased need for sleep.

But despite these quirks, Fu stresses that short sleeping isnt a syndrome or a condition. Its simply a different way of being, one that we could learn a lot from.

We do not have to sleep eight hours a day. Everyone should figure out their own best sleep pattern and follow that pattern. This could be longer than eight hours (for some people), by the way, she said.

Scientists are still puzzled by the most basic questions about sleep. But Fu believes understanding what makes short sleepers tick could potentially solve some of sleeps standing mysteries, like how sleep length and quality are regulated.

How can these short sleepers, with fewer hours of sleep than most people, function perfectly fine without any obvious problems and live a long happy life? she asks. This is the question we are trying to answer. If we can answer this question, we will be able to help everyone sleep better.

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Short Sleeper Syndrome: When You Can Get By on Just a Few Hours of Sleep - The Crux - Discover Magazine

Global Humanized Liver Mice Model Market: Overview

The global humanized liver mice model market is witnessing accelerated growth. Mice models of human mice are the mice with functional humans, cells, tissues and/or organs. The genetic modification and replacement of the mice liver cells with human liver cells are a number of ways to achieve humanized mice models. Some studies focus on the development of new models of humanized liver mice.

Initially model liver mice has been developed with simple immune-deficient, human-liver cells or hepatic cancer cells implanted mice. The results, however, were uniform and unreliable. This resulted in the development of immune-deficient mice, which naturally kills the mice liver so that human liver cells can grow and replace a stable humanized model for liver mice.

This report gives exhaustive analysis of the global humanized liver mice model market, focusing on market opportunities and possible constraints, along with the latest trends driving the market.

Global Humanized Liver Mice Model Market: Notable Developments

The global dental preventive supplies market is projected to experience healthy growth on account of several factors. The market is projected to notable developments fueling the global dental preventive supplies markets are as follows: Advances in Genetic Studies

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Several research studies are examining the utilization in the development of humanistic liver muzzle model of PPARalfa and AFC8-based mice models. The hpxr/CAR/CYP3A4 / 2D6/2C9 mice has also been used to man-made liver mice models with 33 mice genes replaced with human genetics. In addition, the development of new genetically engineered humanized liver mice models can be improved with the advance in genetic technology. The CRISPR technology is one such example. This is a key development impacting the global humanized liver mice model market. Rising FDA Approvals

While there have been few FDA-approved drugs for liver diseases in recent years, drug approvals are more and more frequent. Furthermore, suppliers also tend to reach sufficient FDA approvals. Factors such as this may have a positive impact on the growing path of the market for humanized liver mice. Focus on 3Rs

The number of animals used for experiments is recommended to be reduced by careful consideration of static methods and protocols. With the introduction of the 3Rs- replace, reduce, and refine, the use of animal modeling in experiments is being pressured to minimize animal suffering, without compromise on experimental or research statistics. This is expected to impact the humanized liver mice model market in the coming years.

Key players operating in the global humanized liver mice model market are Hera BioLabs, PhoenixBio Group, Taconic Biosciences, Inc., Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology Co. Ltd., and Yecuris Corporation.

Global Humanized Liver Mice Model Market Dynamics

Increased numbers of FDA approvals for liver-based disease therapies have increased numbers in research and development activities which require these models, such as an increasing incidence of liver cirrhosis, the technological advancement and development of new humanized liver mice. However, due to the high cost of mice models as well as high shipping costs and alternative availability, the growth of humanized liver mice models is expected to hinder during the forecast period. In addition, regulatory challenges such as mice patenting and other ethical issues including the use of 3Rs policies are expected to curb market growth.

Changing Government Laws to Push Asia Pacific Market

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The dominant region in the global humanized liver mice model market is expected to be North America. This is due to the support of government and private research activities. Other factors supporting the growth of the humanized liver mice model market in the region are government funding and support for patenting genetically modified mice. Asia Pacific, powered by China, due to the changing government's rules to support the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries in the region, is expected to emerge as a lucrative regional market for humanized liver mice models.

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.

The study is a source of reliable data on: Market segments and sub-segments Market trends and dynamics Supply and demand Market size Current trends/opportunities/challenges Competitive landscape Technological breakthroughs Value chain and stakeholder analysis

The regional analysis covers: North America (U.S. and Canada) Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and others) Western Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg) Eastern Europe (Poland and Russia) Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand) Middle East and Africa (GCC, Southern Africa, and North Africa)

The report has been compiled through extensive primary research (through interviews, surveys, and observations of seasoned analysts) and secondary research (which entails reputable paid sources, trade journals, and industry body databases). The report also features a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment by analyzing data gathered from industry analysts and market participants across key points in the industrys value chain.

A separate analysis of prevailing trends in the parent market, macro- and micro-economic indicators, and regulations and mandates is included under the purview of the study. By doing so, the report projects the attractiveness of each major segment over the forecast period.

Highlights of the report: A complete backdrop analysis, which includes an assessment of the parent market Important changes in market dynamics Market segmentation up to the second or third level Historical, current, and projected size of the market from the standpoint of both value and volume Reporting and evaluation of recent industry developments Market shares and strategies of key players Emerging niche segments and regional markets An objective assessment of the trajectory of the market Recommendations to companies for strengthening their foothold in the market

Note:Although care has been taken to maintain the highest levels of accuracy in TMRs reports, recent market/vendor-specific changes may take time to reflect in the analysis.

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Humanized Liver Mice Model Market Emerging Niche Segments and Regional Markets - Commerce Gazette

Human genetic modification is the direct manipulation of the genome using molecular engineering techniques. Recently developed techniques for modifying genes are often called gene editing. Genetic modification can be applied in two very different ways: somatic genetic modification and germline genetic modification.

Somatic genetic modification adds, cuts, or changes the genes in some of the cells of an existing person, typically to alleviate a medical condition. These gene therapy techniques are approaching clinical practice, but only for a few conditions, and at a very high cost.

Germline genetic modification would change the genes in eggs, sperm, or early embryos. Often referred to as inheritable genetic modification or gene editing for reproduction, these alterations would appear in every cell of the person who developed from that gamete or embryo, and also in all subsequent generations. Germline modification has not been tried in humans, but it would be, by far, the most consequential type of genetic modification. If used for enhancement purposes, it could open the door to a new market-based form of eugenics. Human germline modification has been prohibited by law in more than 40 countries, and by a binding international treaty of the Council of Europe.

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Human Genetic Modification | Center for Genetics and Society

The Center for Precision Medicine Research (CPMR), formerly the Center for Human Genetics,wasestablished in 2004 and focuses its research on discovering the structure of the human genome and the hunt for genes that influence human health disorders. The discoveryof short tandem repeat polymorphisms in 1989revolutionized the study of human genetics, and theMarshfield mapsare among the most reliable and widely used maps of the human genome in the world.Thecentercomprises oftwo of Marshfield Clinics internationally known research assets: the Center for Medical Genetics, founded in 1994, and the Personalized Medicine Research Center, started in 2001.Scientists and CPMR staffnow focus on multiple areas of study including Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP) study, Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) study and All of Us (AoU) Research Program.

In 2002,CPMRlaunchedthe largest population-based genetic research project in the United States, involving more than 20,000 central Wisconsin residents, the Personalized Medicine Research Projector PMRP. By understanding which genes and environmental factors are involved in disease and cancer, doctors might be able to better target the biological pathways involved. This information may also enable doctors to predict disease risk and prescribe preventative measures.

The Marshfield Clinic isone of four partners in the Wisconsin Genomics Initiative, a historic collaboration, whose vision is to be able to predict, for individual patients in a clinical setting, the risks of disease susceptibility and treatment response using the combined power of cutting edge genetic, phenotypic, and environmental analysis. Each of the four partners is a leader in one or more areas needed for a successful effort.

A team of investigators and staff in the Center for Precision Medicine Research, led by Scott Hebbring, PhD, are conducting a pilot study that applies genetic testing results to improve and personalize care for 2,000 Marshfield Clinic patients. It is estimated that up to 3% of patients will carry a genetic variant that is clinically actionable. Clinically actionable variants are those that increase disease risk for conditions where early detection may improve outcomes such as cancer and heart disease. In addition to disease risk variants, it is expected that 95% of patients will carry one or more pharmacogenetic variants. Pharmacogenetic variants are those that influence how people respond to specific medications. This genetic data are being integrated into Marshfield Clinics EHR and decision support tools are being developed so our patients can receive the right drug, at the right time, and at the right dose. This project is supported by generous patient donations, financial support from Security Health Plan, and grant awards from National Institute of Health.

Marshfield Clinic Research Institute is the lead site in Wisconsin for thenationalAll of Us Research Program with collaborators at the Universityof WisconsinSchool of Medicine& Public Health, Froedtert &the Medical College of Wisconsin, and the Versiti Wisconsin, Inc. This study is a momentous effort to advance individualized prevention, treatment and care for people of all backgrounds. Murray Brilliant, PhD, Interim CPMR Director, is leading the state-wide recruitment efforts. The catchment area of the Wisconsin consortium covers 80% of the state thereby reflecting the true diversity of the state including both rural and urban populations.For additional information, including how to participate, visit JoinAllofUs.org, email allofus@marshfieldresearch.org, or call (888) 633-9987.

The mission of the Center forPrecision Medicine Researchis to conduct translational research in medical genetics that substantially improves patient care. Dr. Murray Brilliant affirms that the Center is committed to advancing scientific knowledge through humangenetics research and to translating that knowledge into practical applications that will foster improved health.

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Marshfield Clinic Research Institute - Welcome to The ...

Genetics is a discipline of the Biological sciences that studies personal traits the human or living organism inherit from its ancestors through genes and Embryology studies the development of the fertilized embryo from the ovum to the fetus stage.

Journal of Human Genetics and Embryology is a peer reviewed scientific journal known for rapid dissemination of high-quality research. This Human Genetics Journal with high impact factor offers an open access platform to the authors in academia and industry to publish their novel research in the mode of original articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc. It serves the International Scientific Community with its standard research publications.

This scholarly publishing is using Editorial Manager System for quality in the review process. Editorial Manager is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking system. Review process is performed by the editorial board members of Human Genetics & Embryology journal or outside experts; at least two independent reviewers approval followed by the editor is required for the acceptance of any citable manuscript. Authors may submit manuscripts and track their progress through the system, hopefully to publication. Reviewers can download manuscripts and submit their opinions to the editor. Editors can manage the whole submission/review/revise/publish process.

Human genetics is the study of inheritance in human beings. Human characteristics are inherited from parents to offspring in discrete unites called genes. Genes consist of specific information coded in the chromosome that consists of segments of chromosomes. Human genetics includes a variety of overlapping fields like classical, molecular, biochemical, population, developmental, clinical and cytogenetics.

Related Journals of Human Genetics

Human Genetics and Embryology,Journal of Cytology & Histology,Hereditary Genetics: Current Research,General Medicine: Open Access,Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine,Immunogenetics: Open Access, American Journal of Human Genetics, Annals of Human Genetics, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Current Protocols in Human Genetics, European Journal of Human Genetics, Human Genetics, Twin Research and Human Genetics, International Journal of Human Genetics, Journal of Human Genetics

Genome biology deals with genomes. Genomes are the genetic material of an organism. They consists of DNA or RNA. Genome includes both the genes and as well as non-coding sequences of DNA or RNA.

Related Journals of Genome Biology

Human Genetics and Embryology,Cellular and Molecular Biology,Transcriptomics: Open Access,Journal of Probiotics & Health,Advancements in Genetic Engineering,Journal of Next Generation Sequencing & Applications,Genome Biology, Genome Biology and Evolution, Advances in Genome Biology, Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, Annals of Human Genetics

Mendelian genetics are the set of theories proposed by Gregor Johann Mendel. Mendelian genetics tends to explain inheritance and biological diversity regarding the transmission of genetic characters from parents to offsprings. These are based on statistical analysis and scientific breeding experiments on pea plants. Mendelian genetics is used to study the pattern of segregation of phenotypes under the control of genes taken one at a time.

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Genetic linkagesis the tendency of alleles that are located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during meiosis. Genes whose loci are nearer to each other are less likely to be separated onto different chromatids during chromosomal crossover, and are therefore said to be genetically linked. In other words, the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower is the chance of a swap occurring between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together.

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Genetic code helps in carrying the information of living cells by DNA and RNA molecules. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. This help in determining the amino acid sequence used in the synthesis of an organism proteins. It is the basis of heredity. It is universal in all organisms.

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Gene mapping is any method used for determining the location of gene and relative distances between genes on a chromosome. gene maps are used for linkage analysis. Relative positions of genes can be determined by inheritance patterns. locating and identifying genes in a genetic map is known as gene mapping or genetic mapping.

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Huntington disease is an inherited disease.Huntington disease causes the degeneration of nerve cells in brain. This leads to functional inabilities and psychiatric disorders. Huntington disease also affects muscle coordination. It is caused by an inherited defect in a single gene. Gene that causes Huntington disease is HIT gene. Symptoms of the disease can vary between individuals and affected members of the same family, but usually progress predictably.

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Embryology is a branch of biology. Embryology is the state of embryo development from the fertilization of the ovum to the fetus stage. Embryology deals with the origin, growth and development of an embryo. cells which result after fertilisation is termed as an embryo. After eight weeks the developed embryo can be termed as fetus. there are different stages of embryonic development. the study of embryo is also known as embryology.

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Human fertilization is a union of egg and sperm resulting in a fertilized egg, also called as zygote. Fertilization takes place inside the fallopian tube. Embryogenesis starts with fertilization of egg cell. Embryogenesis forms and develop the embryo.

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Correlative embryology is a branch of embryology. It is used to compare and contrasts embryos of different species. Correlative embryology is used to show how all animals are related. Many things are compared, whether or not the organism has a notochord or whether or not it has gill arches. All embryos pass from single cells to multi celled zygotes, clumps of cells called morulas and hallow balls of cells called blastula before they differentiate into organs and systems of body. Many components go into Comparative Embryology and about the developmental similarities between species can be taken from its study, which many conclusions can be drawn.

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Embryonic development takes 8weeks to the embryo to develop. human embryo development depends on stem cells. During embryonic development cells divide, migrate and specialize. Early development stages forms a group of cells called inner cell mass which are able to produce all tissues of the body. Later during gastrulation period, the three germ layers are formed and most cells become restricted in type of cells that they produce.

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Morphogenesis is an embryological process of differentiation of cells, tissues and organs and the development of organ systems according to genetic blueprint of the organism and environmental conditions. Morphogenesis is the development of biology along with the control of growth and cellular differentiation.

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Sex chromosomes are either a pair of chromosomes that determines whether an individual is male or female. Sex chromosomes are designated as X and Y. There are 23 pairs of sex chromosomes. The other 22 chromosome are called as autosomes. chromosome which differs from shape or function of other chromosome that determines the sex of child. If the sex chromosome is Xy then it is male child and if sex chromosome is XY then it is female child. sex chromosomes carry those genes that control development of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics.

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Journal of Human Genetics and Embryology is associated with our international conference " 5th International Conference and Exhibition on Cell & Gene Therapy during May 19-21, 2016 at San Antonio, USA. We are particularly interested in research area Human genetics, Genome Sequencing, Embryology, Human fertilization, Genetic Disorders, Embryonic Development, Genetic code, Fertilization, Comparative Embryology, genome biology.

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Human Genetics and Embryology - Open Access Journals