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Category Archives: Genetic Engineering

Nasal Spray Research to Combat COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Infections Awarded Grant – Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:40 am

Jonathan Dordick, PhD, from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and other collaborators from Rensselaer and Albany Medical College have been awarded $500,000 from the New York State Biodefense Commercialization Fund to engage in research for the development of a Pentosan Polysulfate (PPS)-based nasal spray to block COVID-19.

Despite advances in both therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19, there remains a critical need to develop a simple, easy to use, and highly effective prophylactic to prevent transmission and serious illness as a result of infection with SARS-CoV-2, saidDordick, institute professor of chemical/biological engineering at Rensselaer, and co-director of the Heparin Applied Research Center (HARC). Since the virus uses the nasal passages as a first line of infection, an ideal approach is to use a safe and effective nasal spray. We have shown that pentosan polysulfate (PPS), an FDA-approved drug for an entirely different indication, shows strong binding to SARS-CoV-2, thereby neutralizing the virus.

Our goal now is to incorporate PPS into a nasal spray formulation to block SARS-CoV-2 infection either pre- or post-exposure. Moreover, a similar mechanism of infection is used by a number of viruses, including other coronaviruses and some common cold viruses, and thus the PPS-based nasal spray could be useful against other respiratory infections.

Dordick is the principal investigator (PI) of the project and will lead the research. He has expertise in human cell culture and high-throughput screening, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus preparation and screening, drug discovery, and toxicology. He has founded four companies, including three in drug discovery, and he will be responsible for project oversight.

Despite the success of vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection and reduce severity of breakthrough infections, there remains a notable resistance to vaccination, and waning immunity offered by vaccines against emerging variants may necessitate new generations of vaccines. There has been success in advancing therapeutics, such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, molnupiravir, paxlovid, and monoclonal antibodies.

None of the vaccines and therapeutics provide for a combined prophylactic/early-stage therapeutic that can be administered at home and is broadly applicable to other respiratory infections. Therefore, new agents are urgently needed for prophylaxis/early-stage treatment of COVID-19.

Home or physicians office use is expected to have a high degree of public acceptance and will help to address outbreaks of COVID-19, particularly as new variants emerge, and we enter the endemic phase of the disease. A prophylactic nasal spray to prevent COVID-19 infection could be used pre- or post-exposure and could be used daily by persons who are unable to be vaccinated due to medical reasons.

Individuals in healthcare, transportation, and food services are particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 and would benefit from use of a prophylactic nasal spray.

Researchers say they expect the PPS nasal spray to be useful against future infectious disease threats and that the impact of the spray is likely to extend well beyond the current COVID-19 pandemic.

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Nasal Spray Research to Combat COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Infections Awarded Grant - Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News

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Explained: What is genome editing technology and how is it different from GM technology? – The Indian Express

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

On Wednesday, the central government paved the way for easy introduction of genome edited crops. The government has clearly distinguished such crops from genetically modified crops and has prescribed relatively easier norms for their introduction. The Indian Express explains what genome editing is and how it is different from genetically modified crops.

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A decade ago, scientists in Germany and the US discovered a technique which allowed them to cut DNA strands and edit genes. For agriculture scientists this process allowed them to bring about desired changes in the genome by using site directed nuclease (SDN) or sequence specific nuclease (SSN). Nuclease is an enzyme which cleaves through nucleic acid the building block of genetic material.

Advanced research has allowed scientists to develop the highly effective clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR) -associated proteins based systems. This system allows for targeted intervention at the genome sequence. This tool has opened up various possibilities in plant breeding. Using this tool, agricultural scientists can now edit genome to insert specific traits in the gene sequence. Depending on the nature of the edit that is carried out, the process is divided into three categories SDN 1, SDN 2 and SDN 3.

SDN1 introduces changes in the host genomes DNA through small insertions/deletions without introduction of foreign genetic material. In the case of SDN 2, the edit involves using a small DNA template to generate specific changes. Both these processes do not involve alien genetic material and the end result is indistinguishable from conventionally bred crop varieties. On the other hand, SDN3 process involves larger DNA elements or full length genes of foreign origin which makes it similar to Genetically modified organisms (GMO) development.

Genetically modified organisms (GMO) involves modification of the genetic material of the host by introduction of a foreign genetic material. In the case of agriculture, soil bacteria is the best mining source for such genes which are then inserted into the host genome using genetic engineering. For example, in case of cotton, introduction of genes cry1Ac and cry2Ab mined from the soil bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis (BT) allow the native cotton plant to generate endotoxins to fight pink bollworm naturally. BT Cotton uses this advantage to help farmers naturally fight pink bollworm which is the most common pest for cotton farmers.

The basic difference between genome editing and genetic engineering is that while the former does not involve the introduction of foreign genetic material, the latter does. In the case of agriculture, both the techniques aim to generate variants which are better yielding and more resistant to biotic and abiotic stress. Before the advent of genetic engineering, such variety improvement was done through selective breeding which involved carefully crossing plants with specific traits to produce the desired trait in the offspring. Genetic engineering has not only made this work more accurate but has also allowed scientists to have greater control on trait development.

Across the world, GM crop has been a topic of debate, with many environmentalists opposing it on the grounds of bio safety and incomplete data. In India, the introduction of GM crops is a laborious process which involves multiple levels of checks. The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), a high power committee under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is the regulator for introduction of any GM material and in case of agriculture multiple field trials, data about biosafety and other information is necessary for getting the nod before commercial release of any GM crop. Till date the only crop which has crossed the regulatory red tape is Bt cotton.

Scientists both in India and across the world have been quick to draw the line between GM crops and genome edited crops. The latter, they have pointed out, has no foreign genetic material in them which makes them indistinguishable from traditional hybrids. Globally, European Union countries have bracketed genome edited crops with GM crops. Countries like Argentina, Israel, US, Canada, etc have liberal regulations for genome edited crops.

Last year, a group of eminent agricultural scientists had written to Prime Minister Narendra Modi voicing their concern about what they said was a move to put the issue of genome edited crops to the back burner. Back then, the central government had invited suggestions and objections from states and Union Territories about the issue and put on hold field trials of such crops. The signatories, many of whom were Padma awardees, had categorically said that the variants developed through SDN1 and SDN2 techniques do not have any alien DNA and as such can be treated as other hybrids.

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On Wednesday, the Environment Ministry put a lid to the topic by issuing fresh guidelines. The Wednesdays notification has exempted SDN 1 and SDN 2 genmoe from the same and instead it would rely on reports of Institutional Biosafety Committee to exclude exogenous genetic material.

The institutional biosafety committees are expert committees constituted under the Act to deal with research and release of GM material. Such committees would now be entrusted to certify that the genome edited crop is devoid of any foreign DNA This would be a less cumbersome and time consuming process for commercial release of genome edited crops.

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Explained: What is genome editing technology and how is it different from GM technology? - The Indian Express

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Insights on the Chromatography Software Global Market to 2027 – Featuring Agilent Technologies, Shimadzu and Bruker Among Others – Yahoo Finance

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

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Dublin, April 05, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Global Chromatography Software Market By Deployment, By Application, By Type, By Regional Outlook, Industry Analysis Report and Forecast, 2021 - 2027" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The Global Chromatography Software Market size is expected to reach $1.6 billion by 2027, rising at a market growth of 9.7% CAGR during the forecast period. Chromatography is the procedure of segregating various components of a mixture based on the relative amounts of every component or solute distributed between a moving fluid stream, known as a contiguous stationary phase, and the mobile phase.

The stationary phase could be either solid or liquid while the mobile phase could be either a liquid or a gas. In addition, chromatography procedures are widely utilized in numerous applications across different industries like biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food production, genetic engineering, diagnostics, and drug discovery & water analysis.

Moreover, this technique is one of the crucial biophysical techniques, which helps in the identification, separation, and purification of the various components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Through this technique, proteins are purified on the basis of their characteristics like total charge, size & shape, hydrophobic groups that exist on the surface, and binding capability with the stationary phase. For protein purification, column chromatography is the widely adopted technique.

The growth of the chromatography software market is surging due to the increasing adoption of chromatography software over traditional software. Along with that, the rising demand for chromatography techniques in numerous industry segments to segregate very complicated compounds is expected to propel the growth and demand for chromatography software in the market. Although, the high equipment cost attached to this chromatography software is estimated to hamper the growth of the market.

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COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the workflows of the healthcare sector across the globe. Numerous industries were compelled to shut down temporarily in the pandemic. Though, the pandemic has a positive impact on the demand for different services or tools like chromatography technologies including liquid chromatography. It is because chromatography is an effective laboratory analytical method, which is used by researchers to understand the Sars-CoV-2 virus and develop vaccines, therapies, and diagnostic tools to help patients to fight against the COVID-19.

Market Growth Factors:

Growing applications of chromatography in different fields

There is an increase in the applications of chromatography techniques across numerous fields like chemical, pharmaceutical industries, environmental testing laboratories, food industry, and forensic science, which is estimated to open new growth avenues for the market in the coming years. Additionally, the high adoption of chromatography techniques in drug discovery procedures is also fueling the growth of the chromatography market.

Constant development in gas chromatography columns for petrochemical applications

Gas chromatography is among the most popular analytical techniques used in the petroleum sector. It is owing to its high sensitivity for volatile components. There is rising usage of specialized gas chromatography columns in petroleum analysis, with constant expectations from the industry for improved columns, which boost the overall analytical performance and chromatographic efficiency.

Market Restraining Factor:

Chromatography instruments are not cost-effective

Chromatography instruments have various advanced functionalities and features, due to which, the price of these instruments is high. However, the cost of these instruments differs according to the applications. These instruments are utilized across the pharmaceutical sector since they utilize capillary columns to segregate compounds such as hydrogen, oxygen, and methane. Small- & medium-sized enterprises in sectors like food & beverage, oil & gas, and biotech & pharmaceutical, and research & academic institutions are demanding more such systems for their procedures. Thus, the amount of money spent on such systems has substantially increased.

Deployment Outlook

Based on Deployment, the market is segmented into Web & Cloud-Based and On-premise. The on-premise software provides various features like data security & privacy, simple retrieval of data, and easy access to data. Along with that, the option of personalization, convenient installation, and full control of the operations and working of the software is expected to increase the adoption of this software.

Application Outlook

Based on Application, the market is segmented into Pharmaceutical Industry, Environmental Testing, Forensic Testing, and Food Industry. The pharmaceutical industry segment procured the highest revenue share in the market in 2020. The chromatography software helps in managing operations, workflows, and instruments within a single system to coordinate the reporting, management, and processing of chromatography data. Additionally, chromatography techniques are widely utilized to evaluate the purified components for checking contaminants and to produce big quantities of highly pure materials.

Type Outlook

Based on Type, the market is segmented into Integrated and Standalone. The integrated chromatography software segment acquired the highest revenue share in the market in 2020. It is due to the increasing demand for workflow integration to simplify effective coordination and communication that leads to precise and quick outcomes.

Regional Outlook

Based on Regions, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Latin America, Middle East & Africa. The Asia Pacific is estimated to exhibit the fastest growth rate during the forecast period. This growth is attributed to the growing adoption of chromatography technology for numerous applications like a forensic, drug, environmental, and food testing. Additionally, supportive government initiatives regarding lab automation and increasing awareness & adoption of technology among laboratories are anticipated to contribute to the regional market growth.

The major strategies followed by the market participants are Product Launches. Based on the Analysis presented in the Cardinal matrix; Cytiva (Danaher Corporation) is the major forerunners in the Chromatography Software Market. Companies such as Agilent Technologies, Inc., Shimadzu Corporation, Waters Corporation are some of the key innovators in the market.

The market research report covers the analysis of key stake holders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include Agilent Technologies, Inc., Shimadzu Corporation, Cytiva (Danaher Corporation), Bruker Corporation, Waters Corporation, DataApex, Gilson, Inc., KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Gerate GmbH, Restek Corporation, and SCION Instruments (the Techcomp group).

Key Topics Covered:

Chapter 1. Market Scope & Methodology

Chapter 2. Market Overview2.1 Introduction2.1.1 Overview2.1.1.1 Market Composition and Scenario2.2 Key Factors Impacting the Market2.2.1 Market Drivers2.2.2 Market Restraints

Chapter 3. Competition Analysis - Global3.1 Cardinal Matrix3.2 Recent Industry Wide Strategic Developments3.2.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements3.2.2 Product Launches and Product Expansions3.2.3 Acquisition and Mergers3.2.4 Geographical Expansions3.3 Top Winning Strategies3.3.1 Key Leading Strategies: Percentage Distribution (2017-2021)3.3.2 Key Strategic Move: (Product Launches and Product Expansions : 2017, Aug - 2021, Jun) Leading Players

Chapter 4. Global Chromatography Software Market by Deployment4.1 Global Web & Cloud-Based Market by Region4.2 Global On-premise Market by Region

Chapter 5. Global Chromatography Software Market by Application5.1 Global Pharmaceutical Industry Market by Region5.2 Global Environmental Testing Market by Region5.3 Global Forensic Testing Market by Region5.4 Global Food Industry Market by Region

Chapter 6. Global Chromatography Software Market by Type6.1 Global Integrated Market by Region6.2 Global Standalone Market by Region

Chapter 7. Global Chromatography Software Market by Region

Chapter 8. Company Profiles8.1 Agilent Technologies, Inc.8.1.1 Company Overview8.1.2 Financial Analysis8.1.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis8.1.4 Research & Development Expense8.1.1 Recent strategies and developments:8.1.1.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements:8.1.1.2 Acquisition and Mergers:8.1.1.3 Product Launches and Product Expansions:8.2 Shimadzu Corporation8.2.1 Company Overview8.2.2 Financial Analysis8.2.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis8.2.4 Research & Development Expense8.2.5 Recent strategies and developments:8.2.5.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements:8.2.5.2 Product Launches and Product Expansions:8.3 Cytiva (Danaher Corporation)8.3.1 Company Overview8.3.2 Financial Analysis8.3.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis8.3.4 Research & Development Expense8.3.5 Recent strategies and developments:8.3.5.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements:8.3.5.2 Acquisition and Mergers:8.3.5.3 Product Launches and Product Expansions:8.3.5.4 Geographical Expansions:8.4 Bruker Corporation8.4.1 Company Overview8.4.2 Financial Analysis8.4.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis8.4.4 Research & Development Expense8.4.5 Recent strategies and developments:8.4.5.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements:8.4.5.2 Acquisition and Mergers:8.4.5.3 Product Launches and Product Expansions:8.5 Waters Corporation8.5.1 Company Overview8.5.2 Financial Analysis8.5.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis8.5.4 Research & Development Expense8.5.5 Recent strategies and developments:8.5.5.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements:8.6 DataApex8.6.1 Company Overview8.7 Gilson, Inc.8.7.1 Company Overview8.7.2 Recent strategies and developments:8.7.2.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements:8.7.2.2 Product Launches and Product Expansions:8.8 KNAUER Wissenschaftliche Gerate GmbH8.8.1 Company Overview8.8.2 Recent strategies and developments:8.8.2.1 Geographical Expansions:8.9 Restek Corporation8.9.1 Company Overview8.9.2 Recent strategies and developments:8.9.2.1 Partnerships, Collaborations and Agreements:8.10. SCION Instruments (the Techcomp group)8.10.1 Company Overview8.10.2 Recent strategies and developments:8.10.2.1 Acquisition and Mergers:8.10.2.2 Product Launches and Product Expansions:

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/xxdver

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Insights on the Chromatography Software Global Market to 2027 - Featuring Agilent Technologies, Shimadzu and Bruker Among Others - Yahoo Finance

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Jobs of the future are you ready? – Trinidad & Tobago Express Newspapers

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

Companies are beginning to understand the massive impact of Industry 4.0 and the role of technology in fundamentally transforming business models and processes. The challenge is figuring out the intermediate steps they need to take to harness and realise the benefits of the Industry 4.0 future. Its not only about creating a technology roadmap, but also a business and investment roadmap for the long term.

Ram Jambunathan, SVP of corporate strategy and managing director, SAP.iO

Technology has fundamentally changed the way we run our businesses. From data-driven decision-making to automation, modern firms now infuse almost all aspects of their daily operations with technology in order to remain competitive.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution describes the blurring of boundaries between physical, digital and biological worlds. It is a fusion of artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing and other technologies. There are both benefits and challenges to the transformations taking place as a result, but of significance to us in this article, is the impact of all this automation on people.

Many jobs will be lost to automation but at the same time, exciting new jobs are being created. The Fourth Industrial Revolution will have a mostly positive impact on the future of work. It will allow us to focus on more meaningful tasks and help people across every industry complete their jobs to a higher standard. However if this transformation is not managed with wisdom and empathy, we risk widening the digital divide and creating even greater inequality.

These transformations, if managed wisely, could lead to a new age of good work, good jobs and improved quality of life for all, but if managed poorly, pose the risk of widening skills gaps, greater inequality and broader polarisation

World Economic Forum 2018

According to the World Economic Forum, over the next ten years, 1.2 billion employees worldwide will be affected by the adaptation of automation technologies and AI. A study by McKinsey Global Institute reported that roughly one-fifth of the global workforce will be impacted, with the most significant impact being felt in developed nations. By 2022, it is estimated that 50 per cent of companies will decrease their numbers of full-time staff in favour of automation, and by 2030, robots are expected to replace 800 million workers across the world. Some industries will be more impacted than others, in particular the transport and logistics sector.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution will lead to companies employing specialist contractors and implementing remote work. This will allow them to recruit a global workforce, increase employee loyalty and commitment, scale at a quicker pace and reach new levels of productivity.

Data analytics, smart building and other tech solutions will help firms become more environmentally friendly, reduce emissions and waste, read and predict customer needs and trends. When it comes to talent acquisition and HR, intelligent screening software helps firms process large volumes of CVsit examines skill sets and attributes, and can even pull information from social media profiles.

However, while robots may be better at quickly, efficiently and safely completing physical and predictable tasks, they lack social and cognitive skills. They can work as chat-bots to answer questions and complaints within a given framework, but they lack the empathy to adequately support or care for customers and patients. As a result, roles that involve recognising cultural sensitivities, caring for others, creative or complex reasoning or perception and manipulation are unlikely to be automated. So, social workers, nurses, nuclear engineers, teachers and writers can rest assured that they wont be replaced by robots any time soon.

It is important to note that rather than being replaced by computers, most workers will work alongside rapidly evolving machines. The future of work will see a shift in demand away from office support positions, machine operators, and other low-skill professions and towards technology professionals such as computer engineers and information communication technology (ICT) specialists.

So how can individuals prepare themselves for these new jobs? How can we future proof our careers? How can we participate in this re-skilling revolution? According to the World Economic Forum there are five things we know about the jobs of the future:

1. Not every emerging job requires hard tech skills, but every emerging job does require basic tech skills such as digital literacy, web development or graphic design.

2. Although they arent growing as quickly as tech-dominated jobs, talent acquisition specialists, customer success specialists and social media assistants are among the fastest growing professionsall roles that rely on more diverse skills sets, especially soft skills.

3. While there will be a diversity of opportunities for workers of all backgrounds and educational levels, analysis shows a worrying gender imbalance in those obtaining the required new skills. There are significant gender gaps in emerging jobs, with the share of women represented across cloud, engineering and data jobs well below 30 per cent.

4. The untapped talent in sub-groups such as genetic engineering, data science, nanotechnology and human-computer interactioncould expand the pipeline of talent for the broader set of tech roles.

5. Closing the skills and gender gaps depends on a lot more than just making sure people have the right skills. Its a simple truth that who you know mattersyour network is as important as ever.

Additionally, individuals need to identify and build the skills that are required by employers in the new normalcreativity, complex problem solving, critical thinking, people management, emotional intelligence, service orientation, negotiation and cognitive flexibility.

There is a need to develop and implement up-skilling initiatives, with meaningful involvement from business leaders and the private sector. The changes brought by automation and AI do not need to be negative. With increased and targeted up-skilling, the Fourth Industrial Revolution is an opportunity to build a more inclusive future of work.

The Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce thanks our member, Lara Quentrall-Thomas, chairman, Regency Recruitment Ltd for permission to republish this article which originally appeared on March 3, 2021. E-mail her at lara@regencytrinidad.com

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CALS 2022 Summer Term courses that have limited or no prerequisites and fulfill breadth requirements CALS News – wisc.edu

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

Summer Term courses are a great way for UW undergraduates to get aheador stay on trackin their studies. They are also open to students enrolled at other universities, high school students and the general public. Below are some 2022 Summer Term courses from the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences that have no prerequisites and are open to all interested learners. These courses also fulfill breadth requirements such as Biological Science, Physical Science, Social Science and Humanities.

For more information about Summer Term, tuition and a full list of available courses, visit https://summer.wisc.edu/. See more information about CALS courses on the CALS 2022 Summer Term page.

AGRICULTURAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS/AGRONOMY/INTER-AG/NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES 350: World Hunger and MalnutritionHunger and poverty in developing countries and the United States. Topics include: nutrition and health, population, food production and availability, and income distribution and employment.May 23 June 19Credit: 3Breadth: Biological Science

AGROECOLOGY/AGRONOMY/ENTOMOLOGY/ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES/COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY 103: Agroecology: An introduction to the Ecology of Food and AgricultureAgroecology has blossomed across the world in recent decades as not only a science, but also a practice, and a movement. Employ the multiple disciplines and perspectives that Agroecology affords to analyze our agricultural and food systems wihin a broader context of dynamic social and ecological relationships.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

AGRONOMY/ENTOMOLOGY/NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES 203: Introduction to Global HealthIntroduces students to global health concepts through multidisciplinary speakers dedicated to improving health through their unique training. It targets students with an interest in public health and those who wish to learn how their field impacts their global issues.June 13 July 10Credits: 3Breadth: Social Science

ANIMAL SCIENCES/DAIRY SCIENCES 101: Introduction to Animal SciencesAn overview of animal sciences covering anatomy, physiology, nutrition, reproduction, genetics, management, animal welfare, and behavior of domesticated animals. Food animals are emphasized to discuss their contributions to humans.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

ANIMAL SCIENCES 200: The Biology and Appreciation of Companion AnimalsA systematic coverage of many of the animals (including birds) that humans keep as their social companions. The classification, nutritional requirements, environmental considerations, reproductive habits, health, legal aspects and economics of companion animals and their supportive organizations.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

ANIMAL SCIENCES 240: Ancient Animals and PeoplesProvides an introduction to human and animal relationships from prehistory to the present. Examines how animals have influenced social and economic structures of past societies, with a focus on the advent of domestication. Explores the cultural and economic changes that domestication has had on human societies, as well as the behavioral, genetic, and morphological changes that this process had on once wild animals. Emphasizes the methods used to retrace human-animal interactions, drawing on cross-cultural examples from anthropology, ethnozoology, archaeology, history, and genetics.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science, Social Science

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 310: Project Economics & Decision AnalysisEvaluation techniques for research, development & engineering projects. Covers the time value of money and other cash-flow concepts, capital budgeting, economic practices and techniques used to evaluate and optimize decisions, and research & development project portfolio management techniques.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Social SciencePrerequisites: MATH 113, 114, or (MATH 171 and 217)

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING/ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 367: Renewable Energy SystemsLearn about the state-of-the-art in renewable energy applications including biomass for heat, electric power and liquid fuels as well as geo-energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydro power. Practice engineering calculations of power and energy availability of renewable energy sources and learn about requirements for integrating renewable energy sources into production, distribution and end-use systems.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Physical SciencePrerequisites: MATH 112, 114, 217, or graduate/professional standing

COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY 140: Introduction to Community and Environmental SociologySociological examination of the linkages between the social and biophysical dimensions of the environment. Key topics include community organizing, local food systems, energy transitions, environmental justice, resource dependence, and sustainable development. Gateway to advanced courses in sociology.July 18 August 14Credits: 4Breadth: Social Science

COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY/FOREST AND WILDLIFE ECOLOGY 248: Environment, Natural Resources and SocietyIntroduces the concerns and principles of sociology through examination of human interaction with the natural environment. Places environmental issues such as resource depletion, population growth, food production, environmental regulation, and sustainability in national and global perspectives.May 23 June 19Credits: 3Breadth: Social Science

COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY 260: Latin America: An IntroductionLatin American culture and society from an interdisciplinary perspective; historical developments from pre-Columbian times to the present; political movements; economic problems; social change; ecology in tropical Latin America; legal systems; literature and the arts; cultural contrasts involving the US and Latin America; land reform; labor movements; capitalism, socialism, imperialism; mass media.May 23 June 19Credits: 3 4Breadth: Social Science

ENTOMOLOGY 201: Insects and Human CultureImportance of insects in humans environment, emphasizing beneficial insects, disease carriers, and agricultural pests that interfere with humans food supply. Environmental problems due to insect control agents.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

ENTOMOLOGY 205: Our Planet, Our HealthAn introduction to the multiple determinants of health, global disease burden and disparities, foundational global health principles, and the overlap between ecosystem stability, planetary boundaries, and human health. Explore the core fundamentals of global health scholarship, including but not limited to infectious disease, sanitation, and mental health, and also consider ecological perspectives on these issues through the lens of planetary boundaries. Attention is placed on how human-mediated global change (e.g. climate change, biodiversity loss, land-use patterns, geochemical cycling, agricultural practice) impacts human health and the ecosystem services we depend on. An overview of pertinent issues in sustainability science and planetary health discourse, including the Anthropocene and resilience to understand and critically assess global trends.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

FOOD SCIENCE 120: Science of FoodRelationship between food, additives, processing and health. How foods are processed.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

FOOD SCIENCE 150: Fermented Food and Beverages: Science, Art and HealthExplores the science behind fermented food and beverages, popularized by brewing, winemaking and breadmaking at home and in retail. Introduces the scientific principles that underlie food and beverage processing through fermentation. Covers how basic sciences such as chemistry, biochemistry and microbiology influence the process and desired outcomes when fermenting vegetables, milk, fruit, and grains.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

FOREST AND WILDLIFE ECOLOGY 110: Living with Wildlife Animals, Habitats and Human InteractionsA general survey course of wildlife and wildlife conservation for non-majors. Basic characteristics and management of wildlife populations and habitats. Human perceptions and interactions with wildlife. Current issues in wildlife management and conservation.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

FOREST AND WILDLIFE ECOLOGY 248: Environment, Natural Resources, and SocietyIntroduces the concerns and principles of sociology through examination of human interaction with the natural environment. Places environmental issues such as resource depletion, population growth, food production, environmental regulation, and sustainability in national and global perspectives.May 23 June 19Credits: 3Breadth: Social Science

GENETICS 133: Genetics in the NewsThe science of genetics is at the heart of many issues facing our society, and as such, genetics is often in the news. Explores the underlying genetics and methodologies to gain a deeper understanding of the science behind the headlines so that we can make more informed decisions as citizens.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

HORTICULTURE 350: Plants and Human WellbeingPlants provide not only the foundation of food, clothing, and shelter essential for human existence, but also some of the key raw materials for transcendence and abstraction through music, art, and spirituality. Since antiquity, we have co-evolved with plants and their derivative products, with each exerting a domesticating force on the other. It is, for example, impossible to think of our modern life without its plant-based accompaniments in the form of cotton, sugar, bread, coffee, and wood. Yet they are so ubiquitous we may forget they all derive from plants discovered, domesticated, bred, and farmed for millennia in a never-ending pursuit to improve our wellbeing. Major points of intersection between plants and human wellbeing will be explored from a horticultural point of view by highlighting a plant or group of plants that represent a primary commodity or resource through which humans have pursued their own aims and explore effects and impacts on human society.June 20 August 14Credits: 2Breadth: Biological Science

LIFE SCIENCES COMMUNICATION 212: Introduction to Scientific CommunicationWriting effective science digests, proposals, newsletters, and trade magazine articles for agriculture, natural resources, health and science-related topics.June 20 August 14Credits: 3General education: Communication Part BPrerequisites: Satisfied Communications A requirement

LIFE SCIENCES COMMUNICATION 251: Science, Media and SocietyIntroduction to communication at the intersection of science, politics and society; overview of the theoretical foundations of science communication and their relevance for societal debates about science and emerging technologies across different parts of the world.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Humanities, Social Science

LIFE SCIENCES COMMUNICATION 350: Visualizing Science and TechnologyIntroduction to the basic principles in the visual communication of science information. Principles of design, perception, cognition as well as the use of technologies in the representation of science in the mass media will be explored through illustrated lectures and written critique.July 5 August 7Credits: 3Breadth: Humanities, Social SciencePrerequisites: Satisfied Communications A requirement or graduate/professional standing

MICROBIOLOGY 100: The Microbial WorldPrimarily for non-science majors. Roles of microorganisms and viruses in nature, health, agriculture, pollution control and ecology. Principles of disease production, epidemiology and body defense mechanisms. Biotechnology and the genetic engineering revolution.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

MICROBIOLOGY 101: General MicrobiologySurvey of microorganisms and their activities; emphasis on structure, function, ecology, nutrition, physiology, genetics. Survey of applied microbiologymedical, agricultural, food and industrial microbiology. Intended to satisfy any curriculum which requires introductory level microbiology.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological SciencePrerequisites: CHEM 103, 108, 109, or 115. Not open to students with credit for MICROBIO 303.

MICROBIOLOGY 102: General Microbiology LaboratoryCovers techniques and procedures used in general microbiology, including cultivation, enumeration, aseptic techniques, physiology and selected applications.June 20 August 14Credits: 2Breadth: Biological SciencePrerequisites: MICROBIO 101, 303 or concurrent enrollment. Not open to students with credit for MICROBIO 304.

NUTRITIONAL SCIENCES 132: Nutrition TodayNutrition and its relationship to humans and their biological, social, and physical environment; current issues and concerns that affect the nutritional status of various population groups.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

PLANT PATHOLOGY 123: Plants, Parasites and PeopleThe course will explore the interaction between society and plant-associated microbes. Topics include: the Irish potato famine, pesticides in current agriculture, role of economics and consumer preference in crop disease management and the release of genetically engineered organisms.June 20 August 14Credits: 3Breadth: Biological Science

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Foods To Avoid With Hemophilia – Integris

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

Hemophilia is a rare inherited blood disorder that disrupts the bodys ability to clot blood properly. It mainly affects males and is present in about 1 in 5,000 births.

When combined with unhealthy eating habits, hemophilia can become difficult to live with. While there isnt an official diet to follow for people with hemophilia, there are some general healthy habits that may help. In conjunction with World Hemophilia Day on April 17, this blog details food groups to stay away from and food groups to embrace if youre living with hemophilia.

Typically, blood clotting (also called coagulation) is a routine process that helps transform blood from a liquid to a solid to prevent blood loss. When a blood vessel is damaged, your body sends platelets to the injured site to form a plug. Important proteins in your blood (called clotting factors) also create fibrin to help support the platelet plug.

However, people with hemophilia either have fewer clotting factors or none at all and are unable to make a fibrin clot strong enough to control the bleeding. Therefore, prolonged bleeding is more common in people with hemophilia.

Because hemophilia is a genetic disorder, there is no way to prevent or cure it. In terms of treatment, clotting factor injections are the most effective way to manage this blood disorder. Plasma from human blood or recombinant factor concentrates derived from genetic engineering are the two main options for hemophilia patients.

Beyond that, there is one simple way to help control hemophilia the food choices you make.

Males with hemophilia are at a higher risk of becoming obese, especially children and young adults. Twenty percent of males with hemophilia between the ages of 2 and 19 years old were considered obese, compared to 18.5 percent of the national population, according to data collected from 2014-2017 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The same report also found 34 percent of men with hemophilia over the age of 20 were obese compared to 19 of the national population.

Due to this increased risk of obesity, people with hemophilia should follow a low-fat diet and watch their caloric intake. Carrying added weight can cause additional stress on joints and muscles, increasing your risk of bleeds in those areas.

Here are some general guidelines to follow when making food choices.

Consuming added sugars is one of the fastest ways to rack up empty calories. Your body needs sugars mainly naturally occurring sugars for energy. Any excess sugars, such as those in soft drinks, processed foods and sweets, are stored for future use in the liver. Over time, high amounts of sugarbuild and build, resulting in unwanted weight gain.

Vitamin E supplements have been known to increase the risk of bleeding, which is why doctors ask surgery patients to stop taking them several weeks before a procedure. These same risks apply to people with hemophilia, as high amounts of vitamin E can delay the time platelets take to clump together to form a clot. In addition, fish oil supplements can also increase your risk of bleeding. This type of oil is a natural anticoagulant, meaning it inhibits the bodys natural ability to clot blood.

Any healthy diet should include some sort of fat, but a lifestyle full of high fats can have negative consequences on your weight since the body stores fat easier than carbohydrates. In turn, this can make your hemophilia symptoms worse. People who struggle with their weight often eat too many foods with saturated fat, such as butter, milk, cheese, fatty proteins and processed foods.

In general, your body needs vitamins and minerals to maintain a healthy blood supply. Examples include vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, copper and iron.

Iron is a building block for hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, and myoglobin, a protein found in muscle cells that stores and releases oxygen for your body to use. In fact, red blood cells account for about 70 percent of iron in your entire body. This important mineral is lost when you bleed, so its important to replenish iron through the foods you eat.

Animal protein and certain vegetables (mainly leafy greens) are common sources of iron, although red meat and poultry remain the preferred options to meet the daily recommended value of 18 milligrams per day. Animal protein contains a dietary iron called heme iron, which the body absorbs easier than iron found in plants.

That said, its still possible to source your daily iron intake from a vegetarian diet, but you will need to eat more vegetables. Other than leafy greens, tomatoes, potatoes, green beans, corn, beets and cabbage are all good sources of iron. There is also some research that suggests vitamin C helps iron absorption, meaning it may be helpful to eat oranges, citrus fruits and other sources of vitamin C with your iron-based foods.

Over time, people with hemophilia may experience issues with their bone health due to joint bleeds. Eating foods rich in calcium on a daily basis can help build strong bones that can withstand any future joint complications. Calcium is also an important nutrient for your teeth. People with a calcium deficiency may be more prone to gum disease and mouth bleeds.

To add calcium to your diet, look for low-fat dairy options such as skim milk or reduced-fat cheese. Yogurt is a good source of calcium just be sure to read the labels to avoid any added sugars. Many nuts and vegetables also boast calcium, such as almonds and leafy greens.

Drinking water is an essential part of life, and staying hydratedhelps your body run efficiently. After all, cells, tissues and organs consist mostly of water. Water also helps regulate body temperature and help organs function. If you find water boring, you can also try coconut water or carbonated water again, just ensure there are no added sugars.

Enriched white bread may taste superior to whole wheat bread, but the processing strips away many of the vital nutrients your body needs. The same goes for rice and pasta. Stray away from these processed foods and focus on whole grains, such as oats and whole wheat foods. Your body metabolizes whole grains at a slower rate, which helps manage your blood glucose levels.

Animal fat is loaded with saturated fat and should be avoided. Instead, choose plant-based oils when cooking. Olive oil is one of the best options to choose for both its versatility and flavor. Nowadays, there are many alternative oils on the market such as avocado oil.

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A Foray into German Theater: German 65 takes on ‘(R)evolution’ | Arts – Harvard Crimson

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

Putting on a play is never an easy feat. The weeks leading up to the performance often involve hours of rehearsals, careful decisions about lighting, sound, and costumes, not to mention coping with stage fright. Just imagine embarking on this formidable process, but in a language that youre still learning, and where your final performance is graded! And yet the students of one German course at Harvard are attempting just that. German 65s production of (R)evolution, a German-language play by Yael Ronen and Dimitrij Schaad, is set to premiere with performances on May 2 and 3 at 7:30 pm in Sackler Room 113.

A major part of German 65: German Drama and Theaters appeal is its instructor. In this course, Professor Lisa Parkes combines the roles of dedicated director and conscientious German instructor, offering a guiding hand during the rehearsal process, correcting students pronunciation, and even stepping in as an actor when necessary. Indeed, many students cite her reputation as one of the primary reasons for enrolling in German 65. Last semester I took a class with Professor Parkes and I thought she was great at explaining German and making sure we understood everything, Paula Leyes 24 said.

All third-year German language courses have a unique theme, and Professor Parkes hoped to use this one to instill admiration for German literature through close study. For Parkes, however, reading German plays was not enough she wanted students to delve deeper into the content in a way that engaged all aspects of language learning.

Reading and discussing dramatic texts only take you so far; performing pushes you to read between the lines, engaging linguistic, interpersonal, creative, and interpretive skills, Parkes said. Engagement is a crucial part of the course, and it was actually students who chose the play they wanted to perform from an array of dramas studied at the beginning of the semester. Ultimately, they settled on (R)evolution, a play inspired by the novel 21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari.

The rest of the production process has been just as collaborative. Dr. Parkes wants us to be super involved. Shes always looking for our input. Weve talked about How do we want to do lighting? How do we want to get the audience more involved? How do we want to approach the presentation of these characters? Roderick P. Emley 24 said.

Parkes students have widely different backgrounds in theater. While this production represents just another acting credit in a long list of experiences for some of the classs performers, many students have never set foot on a stage before, making this theatrical experience all the more special. Perhaps most remarkable is that some students began learning German here at Harvard just two years ago, and all are novice actors performing for the first time in German, Parkes said.

For Rosanna K. Kataja 24, the shared novelty of performing in German is an especially valuable part of the class. Everybody is on the same level, everybody wants to learn, and nobody is a native speaker or anything. Thats what I like the most. Everyone is on the same level, supporting each other, she said. This strong sense of camaraderie is clear: While a handful of students rehearse their scenes onstage with Parkes, the rest of the class sits in the adjacent room to run lines, discuss their characters, and occasionally crack a joke or two all in German, of course.

Given the time-consuming nature of the class, its fortunate that the play itself is engaging. Set 20 years in the future, (R)evolution depicts a world that has become completely dependent on technology, and where genetic engineering to create ideal human beings is not just a theoretical concern, but a real decision facing all prospective parents. But despite the weighty topics, students describe the play as highly entertaining. Its sort of the best of both worlds. Funny but at the same time makes you think. To be honest, I think its very funny. So be ready to laugh and be ready to enjoy, Leyes said.

What about those potential audience members who are not fluent in German? Even if somebody came here and didnt even speak German that much, they would still get something from it, Kataja said. Even without knowing German, viewers will still leave the production impressed.

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San Antonio Zoo In Discussions on Woolly Mammoth Project – iHeart

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

San Antonio Zoo is in discussions with Colossal Laboratories & Biosciences on several projects, one of which is the return of the Woolly Mammoth through DNA de-extinction technology. The ultimate goal is for Woolly Mammoths to be re-introduced to the wild to decelerate the melting of arctic permafrost, prevent greenhouse emissions trapped within the permafrost layer, revert now-overshrubbed forest into natural arctic grasslands, and more. San Antonio Zoo could be the first location of this genetically engineered elephant-mammoth hybrid.

One of Colossals main goals is the de-extinction of species. According to leading scientists, on average, 30,000 species are being driven to extinction. That is 6 per hour, 150 per day, and up to 55,000 per year. The United Nations has declared that 1 million plants and animal species are threatened with extinction.

CRISPR, the most advanced, applicable technique in genetic engineering, is an engineered cellular technology used for recognizing and cutting a specific code of DNA inside the nucleus. In mammalian cells, such as an elephant or a Woolly Mammoth, CRISPR works with an enzyme called Cas9 to modify genes. A CRISPR-Cas9 complex will use a single guide RNA from CRISPR to guide and recognize a specific sequence of DNA, where the Cas9 molecule will cleave those strands that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. This allows for the reinsertion of the laboratory-engineered DNA, giving the ability to insert cold-resistant characteristics into elephant DNA. Ultimately, leading to the de-extinction of the Woolly Mammoth.

Our goal is to have our first calves in the next four to six years, said Austinite tech entrepreneur Ben Lamm, Cofounder of Colossal. This is going to change everything.

There are times when technology and nature collide - however, through DNA work and the de-extinction science behind Colossal, this is a time when nature and humankind will benefit, said Tim Morrow, President & CEO of San Antonio Zoo. Through this science, we hope to find a vaccine for EEHV, a virus that strikes elephants, and restore a balance to nature by saving and de-extincting species on the brink.

Prior to reintroduction into the wild, San Antonio Zoo is positioning itself to utilize zoo grounds on the west side of Highway 281 with a landbridge, similar to the recently opened Hardberger Park Land Bridge, to allow the Woolly Mammoths to have access to large acreage as well as viewability for guests in the current elephant habitat.

According to Colossal, genetic engineering is used to help humanity advance treatments for genetic disorders, gene therapies, DNA fingerprinting, vaccines, and pharmaceutical products. Additional applications include sustainable plant and animal food production, diagnosing diseases and conditions, medical treatment improvement, and producing vaccines and other useful drugs. Genetic engineering applications for animals include advancing human health, enhancing food production, reducing environmental impact, optimizing animal health and welfare, and producing cutting-edge industrial applications.

Other world-bettering uses include eradicating malaria, organ donorship, and of course, the slowing of and reversal of the extinction of a species. To learn more about Association of Zoos & Aquariums program Saving Animals From Extinction (SAFE) visit: http://www.aza.org/safe-species

To learn more about International Elephant Foundation programs visit: https://elephantconservation.org/

Colossal Background presented by CNN: https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/13/world/woolly-mammoth-resurrect-deextinction-scn/index.html

Visit: San Antonio Zoo

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Ministry wants universities in Taiwan to launch ‘special international programmes’ to woo overseas students – Study International News

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

Taiwans Ministry of Education is encouraging public and private universities in Taiwan to launch special international programmes to attract overseas Taiwanese and international students, reported the Taipei Times.

Quoting the ministry, the report said students enrolled in these programmes should know basic Mandarin and English before coming to Taiwan.

The policy is set to begin in August and aims to enrol 1,000 students specialising in manufacturing, construction, agriculture and long-term care, said the ministry.

There are currently 14,000 international students and overseas Taiwanese in Taiwan. The government hopes to triple this number to 42,000 in 2030.

The Taipei Times reported that only students with A2-level Mandarin are currently allowed to study in Taiwan, with the only exception being the New Southbound International Programs of Industry-Academia Collaboration, which do not require students to be fluent in Mandarin.

However, the special international programmes targets students who are not fluent in Mandarin.

After learning Mandarin for a year and reaching A2 level, students can major in four areas manufacturing, construction, agriculture and long-term care or take speciality classes that fall under the programme.

Students must pass B1-level Mandarin when they are in their second year.

Universities in Taiwan should offer at least 15 hours of Mandarin classes per week and at least 720 hours each year.

The ministry would provide participating universities with a one million New Taiwan dollar (US$34,837) subsidy and offer a grant of NT$50,000 to each student who takes Mandarin classes, it added.

Department of Higher Education Deputy Director-General Chu Chun-chang was quoted saying by the daily that only universities in Taiwan that have had no issues regarding recruitment in the past three years, have solid language education and counselling resources can participate.

There are plenty of things to see and do in Taiwan. Source: Sam Yeh/AFP

Taiwans popularity as a study abroad destination has been growing over the years.

The deputy representative of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Center (TECC) in India Dr. Mumin Chen previously said that Indians are thefastest-growing groupof international students studying in Taiwan.

Some 1,000 Indian students were studying in Taiwan five years ago. This figure grew to 2,783 in 2019-20 and 2,239 in 2020-21.

There are many appeals to studying in Taiwan, including a lower cost of living than in other Asian countries such as Singapore, South Korea and Japan.

The island state offers international students reasonable tuition fees, a safe and friendly learning environment, and English-conducted programmes in many universities, said Chen.

Study in Taiwan notes that Taiwans higher education system provides opportunities for international students to study a wide variety of subjects, ranging from Mandarin Chinese language and history to tropical agriculture and forestry, genetic engineering, business, semi-conductors, to name a few.

There are 153 universities and colleges in Taiwan; 10 Taiwanese universities listed in the top 500 of the QS World University Rankings 2022, and 15 within the 1,000-range.

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Xenotransplantation trials will require adjusting expectations, experts say – STAT

Posted: April 6, 2022 at 2:28 am

On the heels of some important firsts this past year, xenotransplantation grafting animal organs into humans is on the cusp of crossing over into new territory: human trials.

In January, University of Maryland surgeons transplanted a pig heart into a 57-year-old man, who survived two months. And last fall, New York University doctors implanted pig kidneys into recently deceased individuals to show there wouldnt be immediate rejection of the organs. As exciting as these procedures were for researchers who have been trying to make xenotransplantation a reality, they highlighted the slow pace of clinical development, which has been stalled in primate studies for decades.

In order to move from preclinical work in monkeys to FDA-approved clinical trials in people, the transplant community will need to adjust its definition of success, Robert Montgomery, director of the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, said Thursday at the 2022 STAT Breakthrough Science Summit in New York City.

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Standard human-to-human organ transplants have remarkable success rates for some organs. A year after a kidney transplant, 95% of recipients are still alive, said Montgomery, who performed the pig-to-human kidney procedures last year. Xenotransplantation will necessarily take time to get to that same level, he said. Were going to have the equivalent of an Apollo One disaster.

But the current success rates are an unfair standard for xenotransplantation, he said, because they ignore the thousands who die of organ failure every year without being able to get a transplant. I think the reason weve been in the non-human primate model for 30 to 40 years is just that. That the step into humans has been so encumbered with the idea that you have to get equipoise or some type of an equivalent outcome, he said. But to me its apples to oranges. What were really talking about is the organ shortage.

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Were talking about the half of people who get listed [for a transplant] who die thats what we should be comparing this to, not to the success of the half that are lucky and get opportunity like myself and my brother to live.

Montgomery himself had to be resuscitated from seven episodes of cardiac arrest before he made it on the list to await a donor heart. He eventually received a heart transplant, as did one of his brothers, but he said the risk-reward calculation for venturing into human xenotransplant trials should include patients who died at every step in the process.

Every patient that dies on the waitlist, we should be just as aware of that death as someone who dies in the ICU after they get a heart transplant or a kidney transplant, he said.

In the case of kidney disease, the estimated 800,000 patients in the U.S. with end stage illness have two options: a transplant, which is unavailable to many, or dialysis, which is not a permanent solution, noted Megan Sykes, a Columbia University transplant immunobiologist who has pioneered methods for reducing cross-species organ rejection.

We have a temporary lifeline for people with end stage renal failure, but it really is temporary, said Sykes.

There are also reasons to believe xenotransplantation could work better in human trials than in monkeys, the panelists said. For one, monkeys used in research are smaller than adult humans, and are complicated to take care of. They are sensitive to therapies, and dont respond to certain immunosuppressant drugs that work well in humans. Plus, if organs could be more readily available than they currently are, fewer transplant recipients would be on their death bed, increasing the likelihood of a good outcome, Sykes said.

The transplants into the recently deceased patients at NYU offers a better proxy for live human transplants than the monkeys. Still, researchers cant monitor the success of such transplants long-term. So, we wouldnt be able to tell the patients exactly [the prognosis] unless we do the living cases and monitor for a year or two, said Insoo Hyun, director of research ethics at the Harvard Medical School Center for Bioethics.

The pig organs used in the recent transplants come from genetically edited pigs developed by Revivicor, intended to prevent organ rejection and make them safer for humans. Scientists have spent years fine-tuning and layering edits to the animal genes, but its still an open question how much genetic engineering is necessary, or if less is more, the panelists said. Montgomerys group used pig organs with one edit, while the Maryland team transplanted a pig organ with 10 edits.

Sykes wants the field to take a step back and assess how valuable or harmful each genetic tweak is. The Food and Drug Administration may be more receptive to organs with fewer edits.

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