Category Archives: Arkansas Stem Cells

Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins. The possibility of human cloning has raised controversies. These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws regarding human cloning and its legality.

Two commonly discussed types of theoretical human cloning are: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of January 2017[update]. Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and, more recently, pluripotent stem cell induction. Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues.

Although the possibility of cloning humans had been the subject of speculation for much of the 20th century, scientists and policy makers began to take the prospect seriously in the mid-1960s.

Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Joshua Lederberg advocated cloning and genetic engineering in an article in The American Naturalist in 1966 and again, the following year, in The Washington Post.[1] He sparked a debate with conservative bioethicist Leon Kass, who wrote at the time that "the programmed reproduction of man will, in fact, dehumanize him." Another Nobel Laureate, James D. Watson, publicized the potential and the perils of cloning in his Atlantic Monthly essay, "Moving Toward the Clonal Man", in 1971.[2]

With the cloning of a sheep known as Dolly in 1996 by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the idea of human cloning became a hot debate topic.[3] Many nations outlawed it, while a few scientists promised to make a clone within the next few years. The first hybrid human clone was created in November 1998, by Advanced Cell Technology. It was created using SCNT - a nucleus was taken from a man's leg cell and inserted into a cow's egg from which the nucleus had been removed, and the hybrid cell was cultured, and developed into an embryo. The embryo was destroyed after 12 days.[4]

In 2004 and 2005, Hwang Woo-suk, a professor at Seoul National University, published two separate articles in the journal Science claiming to have successfully harvested pluripotent, embryonic stem cells from a cloned human blastocyst using somatic-cell nuclear transfer techniques. Hwang claimed to have created eleven different patent-specific stem cell lines. This would have been the first major breakthrough in human cloning.[5] However, in 2006 Science retracted both of his articles on clear evidence that much of his data from the experiments was fabricated.[6]

In January 2008, Dr. Andrew French and Samuel Wood of the biotechnology company Stemagen announced that they successfully created the first five mature human embryos using SCNT. In this case, each embryo was created by taking a nucleus from a skin cell (donated by Wood and a colleague) and inserting it into a human egg from which the nucleus had been removed. The embryos were developed only to the blastocyst stage, at which point they were studied in processes that destroyed them. Members of the lab said that their next set of experiments would aim to generate embryonic stem cell lines; these are the "holy grail" that would be useful for therapeutic or reproductive cloning.[7][8]

In 2011, scientists at the New York Stem Cell Foundation announced that they had succeeded in generating embryonic stem cell lines, but their process involved leaving the oocyte's nucleus in place, resulting in triploid cells, which would not be useful for cloning.[10][11]

In 2013, a group of scientists led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov published the first report of embryonic stem cells created using SCNT. In this experiment, the researchers developed a protocol for using SCNT in human cells, which differs slightly from the one used in other organisms. Four embryonic stem cell lines from human fetal somatic cells were derived from those blastocysts. All four lines were derived using oocytes from the same donor, ensuring that all mitochondrial DNA inherited was identical. A year later, a team led by Robert Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology reported that they had replicated Mitalipov's results and further demonstrated the effectiveness by cloning adult cells using SCNT.[3][12]

In somatic cell nuclear transfer ("SCNT"), the nucleus of a somatic cell is taken from a donor and transplanted into a host egg cell, which had its own genetic material removed previously, making it an enucleated egg. After the donor somatic cell genetic material is transferred into the host oocyte with a micropipette, the somatic cell genetic material is fused with the egg using an electric current. Once the two cells have fused, the new cell can be permitted to grow in a surrogate or artificially.[13] This is the process that was used to successfully clone Dolly the sheep (see section on History in this article).[3]

Creating induced pluripotent stem cells ("iPSCs") is a long and inefficient process. Pluripotency refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system).[14] A specific set of genes, often called "reprogramming factors", are introduced into a specific adult cell type. These factors send signals in the mature cell that cause the cell to become a pluripotent stem cell. This process is highly studied and new techniques are being discovered frequently on how to better this induction process.

Depending on the method used, reprogramming of adult cells into iPSCs for implantation could have severe limitations in humans. If a virus is used as a reprogramming factor for the cell, cancer-causing genes called oncogenes may be activated. These cells would appear as rapidly dividing cancer cells that do not respond to the body's natural cell signaling process. However, in 2008 scientists discovered a technique that could remove the presence of these oncogenes after pluripotency induction, thereby increasing the potential use of iPSC in humans.[15]

Both the processes of SCNT and iPSCs have benefits and deficiencies. Historically, reprogramming methods were better studied than SCNT derived embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, more recent studies have put more emphasis on developing new procedures for SCNT-ESCs. The major advantage of SCNT over iPSCs at this time is the speed with which cells can be produced. iPSCs derivation takes several months while SCNT would take a much shorter time, which could be important for medical applications. New studies are working to improve the process of iPSC in terms of both speed and efficiency with the discovery of new reprogramming factors in oocytes.[citation needed] Another advantage SCNT could have over iPSCs is its potential to treat mitochondrial disease, as it utilizes a donor oocyte. No other advantages are known at this time in using stem cells derived from one method over stem cells derived from the other.[16]

Work on cloning techniques has advanced our basic understanding of developmental biology in humans. Observing human pluripotent stem cells grown in culture provides great insight into human embryo development, which otherwise cannot be seen. Scientists are now able to better define steps of early human development. Studying signal transduction along with genetic manipulation within the early human embryo has the potential to provide answers to many developmental diseases and defects. Many human-specific signaling pathways have been discovered by studying human embryonic stem cells. Studying developmental pathways in humans has given developmental biologists more evidence toward the hypothesis that developmental pathways are conserved throughout species.[17]

iPSCs and cells created by SCNT are useful for research into the causes of disease, and as model systems used in drug discovery.[18][19]

Cells produced with SCNT, or iPSCs could eventually be used in stem cell therapy,[20] or to create organs to be used in transplantation, known as regenerative medicine. Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplantation is a widely used form of stem cell therapy.[21] No other forms of stem cell therapy are in clinical use at this time. Research is underway to potentially use stem cell therapy to treat heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injuries.[22][23] Regenerative medicine is not in clinical practice, but is heavily researched for its potential uses. This type of medicine would allow for autologous transplantation, thus removing the risk of organ transplant rejection by the recipient.[24] For instance, a person with liver disease could potentially have a new liver grown using their same genetic material and transplanted to remove the damaged liver.[25] In current research, human pluripotent stem cells have been promised as a reliable source for generating human neurons, showing the potential for regenerative medicine in brain and neural injuries.[26]

In bioethics, the ethics of cloning refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning. While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well. Human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production.

Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning in order to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants,[27] to avoid the need for immunosuppressive drugs,[28] and to stave off the effects of aging.[29] Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology.[30]

Opposition to therapeutic cloning mainly centers around the status of embryonic stem cells, which has connections with the abortion debate.[31]

Some opponents of reproductive cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe - for example, the position of the American Association for the Advancement of Science as of 2014[update],[32] while others emphasize that reproductive cloning could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans whose organs and tissues would be harvested),[33][34] and have concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large.[35][36]

Religious groups are divided, with some[which?] opposing the technology as usurping God's (in monotheistic traditions) place and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits.[37][38]

In 2015 it was reported that about 70 countries had banned human cloning.[39]

Human cloning is banned by the Presidential Decree 200/97 since March 7, 1997. [40][41]

Australia has prohibited human cloning,[42] though as of December 2006[update], a bill legalizing therapeutic cloning and the creation of human embryos for stem cell research passed the House of Representatives. Within certain regulatory limits, and subject to the effect of state legislation, therapeutic cloning is now legal in some parts of Australia.[43]

Canadian law prohibits the following: cloning humans, cloning stem cells, growing human embryos for research purposes, and buying or selling of embryos, sperm, eggs or other human reproductive material.[44] It also bans making changes to human DNA that would pass from one generation to the next, including use of animal DNA in humans. Surrogate mothers are legally allowed, as is donation of sperm or eggs for reproductive purposes. Human embryos and stem cells are also permitted to be donated for research.[citation needed]

There have been consistent calls in Canada to ban human reproductive cloning since the 1993 Report of the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Polls have indicated that an overwhelming majority of Canadians oppose human reproductive cloning, though the regulation of human cloning continues to be a significant national and international policy issue. The notion of "human dignity" is commonly used to justify cloning laws. The basis for this justification is that reproductive human cloning necessarily infringes notions of human dignity.[45][46][47][48]

Human cloning is prohibited in Article 133 of the Colombian Penal Code.[49]

The European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine prohibits human cloning in one of its additional protocols, but this protocol has been ratified only by Greece, Spain and Portugal. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union explicitly prohibits reproductive human cloning. The charter is legally binding for the institutions of the European Union under the Treaty of Lisbon and for member states of the Union implementing EU law.[50][51]

India does not have specific law regarding cloning but has guidelines prohibiting whole human cloning or reproductive cloning. India allows therapeutic cloning and the use of embryonic stem cells for research proposes.[52][53]

Human cloning is explicitly prohibited in Article 24, "Right to Life" of the 2006 Constitution of Serbia.[54]

In terms of section 39A of the Human Tissue Act 65 of 1983, genetic manipulation of gametes or zygotes outside the human body is absolutely prohibited. A zygote is the cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes; thus the fertilised ovum. Section 39A thus prohibits human cloning.

On January 14, 2001 the British government passed The Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001[55] to amend the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 by extending allowable reasons for embryo research to permit research around stem cells and cell nuclear replacement, thus allowing therapeutic cloning. However, on November 15, 2001, a pro-life group won a High Court legal challenge, which struck down the regulation and effectively left all forms of cloning unregulated in the UK. Their hope was that Parliament would fill this gap by passing prohibitive legislation.[56][57] Parliament was quick to pass the Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 which explicitly prohibited reproductive cloning. The remaining gap with regard to therapeutic cloning was closed when the appeals courts reversed the previous decision of the High Court.[58]

The first license was granted on August 11, 2004 to researchers at the University of Newcastle to allow them to investigate treatments for diabetes, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.[59] The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008, a major review of fertility legislation, repealed the 2001 Cloning Act by making amendments of similar effect to the 1990 Act. The 2008 Act also allows experiments on hybrid human-animal embryos.[60]

On December 13, 2001, the United Nations General Assembly began elaborating an international convention against the reproductive cloning of humans. A broad coalition of States, including Spain, Italy, the Philippines, the United States, Costa Rica and the Holy See sought to extend the debate to ban all forms of human cloning, noting that, in their view, therapeutic human cloning violates human dignity. Costa Rica proposed the adoption of an international convention to ban all forms of human cloning. Unable to reach a consensus on a binding convention, in March 2005 a non-binding United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning, calling for the ban of all forms of human cloning contrary to human dignity, was adopted.[61][62]

In 1998, 2001, 2004, 2005, and 2007, the United States House of Representatives voted whether to ban all human cloning, both reproductive and therapeutic. Each time, divisions in the Senate over therapeutic cloning prevented either competing proposal (a ban on both forms or reproductive cloning only) from passing. On March 10, 2010 a bill (HR 4808) was introduced with a section banning federal funding for human cloning.[63] Such a law, if passed, would not prevent research from occurring in private institutions (such as universities) that have both private and federal funding. There are currently no federal laws in the United States which ban cloning completely, and any such laws would raise difficult constitutional questions similar to the issues raised by abortion.[citation needed] Fifteen American states (Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Indiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, North Dakota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Florida, Georgia, and Virginia) ban reproductive cloning and three states (Arizona, Maryland, and Missouri) prohibit use of public funds for such activities.[citation needed]

Science fiction has used cloning, most commonly and specifically human cloning, due to the fact that it brings up controversial questions of identity.[64][65] Humorous fiction, such as Multiplicity (1996)[66] and the Maxwell Smart feature The Nude Bomb (1980), have featured human cloning.[67] A recurring sub-theme of cloning fiction is the use of clones as a supply of organs for transplantation. Robin Cook's 1997 novel Chromosome 6 and Michael Bay's The Island are examples of this; Chromosome 6 also features genetic manipulation and xenotransplantation.[68]

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Human cloning - Wikipedia

Family Council-backed legislation introduced last week would allow medical professionals and health care facilities and payers to refuse treatment for patients if doing so would interfere with their "conscience."

House Bill 1628, which is titled the Healthcare Freedom of Conscience Act, would allow health care professionals, facilities and payers to refuse to provide a treatment without facing retaliation or punishment from their employers or patients.

The bill would extend the protections to medical professionals such as doctors, pharmacists, nurses and social workers; facilities such as hospitals and clinics; and payers such as insurance companies. It establishes a route for legal remedy if they are penalized for declining treatment. However, it does not offer protection if the treatment is needed for an emergency life-saving procedure.

Supporters of the bill say it is needed to protect the religious freedoms of those opposed to specific procedures -- such as certain surgeries or blood transfusions -- but opponents say the bill is written broadly enough to allow for discrimination of patients based on sexual orientation or other personal factors.

The Family Council asked Rep. Brandt Smith, R-Jonesboro, to sponsor the bill. Its Senate sponsors are Sen. Jason Rapert, R-Bigelow, and Sen. Linda Collins-Smith, R-Pocahontas.

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Asked if the bill would allow physicians to deny services to patients because they are gay, Smith said he hoped it would not, adding that he "could not support that kind of legislation that is that abusive."

The bill provides no specific protections for sexual or gender identity. It does state that its protections apply only to "individual health care services" and do not allow refusal of services to patients based on their "identity or status."

Luke McCoy, the lobbyist for the Family Council who has worked on the bill, said "identity" as included in the bill does not presently cover gay or transgender people, but it could at some point in the future.

"I don't want this to cause a problem; I want it to prevent a problem," McCoy said.

The problem, McCoy said, is that Arkansas' current conscientious objection statutes are narrowly tailored to allow doctors to opt out of performing abortions and abortion-related counseling. Those protections do not extend to insurance providers and do not cover other health care services, such as working with stem cells.

HB1628 would create "umbrella" protections throughout the health care sector, McCoy said.

Providing his own example, Smith said the legislation would protect a Muslim doctor from performing heart surgery with the heart valves of a pig, if he has religious objections.

However, no physicians have reached out asking for such protections, according Arkansas Medical Society Executive Vice President David Wroten, who said the statewide association would "definitely have concerns" with the legislation.

"Insurance companies do not have consciences" because they are not people, Wroten said. HB1628 could open the door to them declining to provide coverage for things such as birth control. The association will reach out to the bill's sponsors once it has completed a review of the legislation, he said.

Kendra Johnson, the Arkansas director of the Human Rights Campaign, said previous legislation, including the state's 2015 Religious Freedom Restoration Act, offers similar religious protections to Arkansans without going as far as the HB1628.

"This is a license to discriminate in the health care setting," Johnson said.

Last year, Arkansas lawmakers approved new ethics rules allowing counselors to turn away clients for reasons of conscience. Legislative approval came despite objections from the American Counseling Association, which said such a rule would violate national standards.

Smith said he does not foresee that the legislation would cause difficulty for people to find care, and that doctors would simply ask their colleagues to perform services they object to. He said the Catholic Diocese of Arkansas had expressed interest in the bill.

The diocese is reviewing the bill but had not taken a stance as of Friday, said Chancellor Dennis Lee, who added that the church does not operate any of the Catholic hospitals in the state. Patrick Gallagher, a lobbyist for the Catholic Charities of Arkansas, said his group had had talks with the sponsors.

The group's concern is with providing services such as abortion and counseling of contraception, Gallagher said, and not with the people it serves. Gallagher said he had not yet reviewed the bill, which was filed Tuesday.

According to the Family Council, similar legislation has passed in Illinois and Mississippi. Health care "conscience" legislation has also been filed in the U.S. House and Senate.

The bill has been referred to the House Public Health, Welfare and Labor Committee.

SundayMonday on 02/27/2017

The calendar of public events of the 91st General Assembly for today, the 50th day of the 2017 regular session.

COMMITTEES

10 a.m. Joint Committee on Public Retirement and Social Security Programs, Room 130. 11 a.m. Arkansas Legislative Black Caucus, Room 149.

HOUSE

1:30 p.m. House convenes.

SENATE

1:30 p.m. Senate convenes.

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POLL: Bill seeks to allow Arkansas doctors to refuse care over 'conscience' concerns - Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette

When three Southern Arkansas University nursing students started organizing next weeks stem cell registry drive more than three months ago, they were not aware that a member of the Mulerider family is one of more than 1,400 whose life could be saved.

The stem cell/bone marrow registry drive is scheduled for 9 a.m.-3:30 p.m. on February 14-15 both in the Reynolds Center Rotunda and the SAU Baptist Collegiate Ministry. For more information, contact Dr. Becky Parnell at (870)235-4365 or at bbparnell@saumag.edu.

The SAU BSN students initially behind the project are Renee Langley, Tabitha Elliott and Courtney Owens. Parnell explained that while attending the Arkansas Student Nurses Association annual meeting in Little Rock, the students were introduced to the need for bone marrow donors. They even registered to be possible donors themselves. She said they realized this project was a perfect example of how nurses can impact the care of people outside the normal hospitalized patient.

They recognized how many people this could potentially impact and wanted to recruit more people (to register), said Parnell. I have seen the bone marrow process it is truly a life-saving intervention for many people that are devastated by leukemia.

When Parnell began promoting the registry event on campus, it was brought to her attention that the daughter of Magnolia native, 1984 SAU alum and Board of Governors Chair Beth Galway, Sydney, is suffering with acute myeloid leukemia and in dire need of a bone marrow transplant.

When Sydney was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, the doctors told us that Sydneys only cure would come from a bone marrow transplant. The doctors were, and are, confident of the success of her treatment due to the fact that she has a high chance to find a perfect bone marrow donor, said Galway.

Her increased chance of finding a match, Galway explained, is simply because she is a Caucasian female which has one of the highest bone marrow donor rates. She has a 97% chance to find a donor.

Of course, the first donor they looked at was her sister. A sibling has only a 25% chance to be a match; a parent even less. Sydneys sister was not a match, said Galway.

Donor matches are generally based on race. With todays diverse community, the need for bone marrow donors from minority and mixed race groups is high. An African American patient has only a 66% chance to find a match.

The doctors and nurses that I have talked to indicate that the need is huge for African Americans as well as donors from India, said Galway.

She said that the treatment for Sydney, who is a sophomore in college, is now in phase 3. Her next step is a bone marrow transplant.

We hope to have a perfect match for her and pray that the donor will be willing to do all that is necessary for providing the blood or bone marrow needed for the transplant, said Galway.

The drive is being sponsored by SAUs Department of Nursing and University Health Services. Junior and senior BSN students will also be assisting in the bone marrow drive as a professional development activity.

Becoming a member of a stem cell/bone marrow registry only requires that you provide a swab of the cells inside your cheek. To register is a painless and fast way to possibly save a life.

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Stem cell registry drive at SAU Feb. 14-15 - SAU

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One of the most exciting emerging forms of regenerative medicinefor soft tissue injuries is Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) stem cell and growth factor therapy. PRP injections are an increasingly popular alternative to surgery and are getting great results for patients of all ages. The providers at Project Wellness have been practicing regenerative medicine for decades and together have helped Arkansas patients live pain-free. Whether you are an elite athlete or a Weekend Warriorif youre looking for a nonsurgical way to manage and eliminate your back, neck, joint or other pain, call Project Wellness at (479) 657-6800 today!

Are You a Candidate?

No matter your age, activity level or condition, no one should have to live with pain. At Project Wellness, weve used PRP to treat people in all phases of life, including:

PRP therapy can be used to treat a variety of acute and chronic injuries, including but not limited to:

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What is Platelet Rich Plasma Therapy?

Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy is a safe, effective and all natural way to heal damaged joints and soft tissue in order to alleviate chronic pain. PRP consists of a small sample of your own blood, spun in a centrifuge to concentrate the platelets and then injected into the injured area.

PRP has been used for over 20 yearsin numerous surgical fields to enhance bone grafting, accelerate wound healing and reduce the risk of infection after surgery. Medical research and intensive studies are leading the way to the tremendous benefits offered by PRP for joint pain, soft tissue injuries, low back disc degeneration, and arthritis, with the goal of enhancing the bodys ability to naturally heal itself.

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How PRP Therapy Can Help

When tissue injury occurs, platelets collect at the site and begin to repair it. By concentrating these platelets and administering them straight into the injury site, we can deliver a powerful mixture of growth factors exactly where you need it, dramatically enhancing your bodys natural healing process. This treatment may lead to a more rapid, more efficient, and more thorough restoration of the tissue to a healthy state.

The PRP injection is very safe at most, you may experience very mild pain, stiffness or swelling. While any medical procedure carries a small risk of infection, since youre using your own blood this risk is minimal.

The procedure takes approximately one to two hours, including preparation and recovery time. Performed safely in a medical office, PRP therapy relieves pain without the risks of surgery, general anesthesia, or hospital stays and without a prolonged recovery. In fact, most people return to their jobs or usual activities right after the procedure.

Some patients report swelling and stiffness or mild to moderate discomfort lasting a few hours after the injection. This is a normal response and is a sign that the treatment is working. Over time, the affected area will begin to heal and strengthen and you will experience considerably less pain.

Regenerative medicine is not a quick fix and is designed to promote long-term healing of the injured tissue. While most patients require only one injection, the regeneration of collagen takes 4-6 months and may require multiple injections. Pain and functional recovery will be assessed 2-3 weeks after the injection to determine further therapy needs. The total number of treatments you will need depends on your age, the area being treated and the amount of pain you were experiencing before starting therapy.

While PRP has helped thousands of patients over the years, it is still relatively new and as a result is not yet covered by many insurance plans. However, some parts of the treatment may be covered. Since the cost for and types of treatment required varies significantly from patient to patient, we will provide you with pricing info during your initial consultation, based on your specific needs and situation.

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AR Stem Cell Therapy | Regenerative Medicine

Stem cell laws are the law rules, and policy governance concerning the sources, research, and uses in treatment of stem cells in humans. These laws have been the source of much controversy and vary significantly by country.[1] In the European Union, stem cell research using the human embryo is permitted in Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Greece, Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands; however, it is illegal in Germany, Austria, Ireland, Italy, and Portugal. The issue has similarly divided the United States, with several states enforcing a complete ban and others giving financial support.[2] Elsewhere, Japan, India, Iran, Israel, South Korea, China, and Australia are supportive. However, New Zealand, most of Africa (except South Africa), and most of South America (except Brazil) are restrictive.

The information presented here covers the legal implications of embryonic stem cells (ES), rather than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The laws surrounding the two differ because while both have similar capacities in differentiation, their modes of derivation are not. While embryonic stem cells are taken from embryoblasts, induced pluripotent stem cells are undifferentiated from somatic adult cells.[3]

Stem cells are cells found in most, if not all, multi-cellular organisms. A common example of a stem cell is the Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) which are multipotent stem cells that give rise to cells of the blood lineage. In contrast to multipotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and are thought to be able to give rise to all cells of the body. Embryonic stem cells were isolated in mice in 1981, and in humans in 1998.[4]

Stem cell treatments are a type of cell therapy that introduce new cells into adult bodies for possible treatment of cancer, Somatic cell nuclear transfer, diabetes, and other medical conditions. Cloning also might be done with stem cells. Stem cells have been used to repair tissue damaged by disease.[5]

Because Embryonic Stem (ES) cells are cultured from the embryoblast 45 days after fertilization, harvesting them is most often done from donated embryos from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. In January 2007, researchers at Wake Forest University reported that "stem cells drawn from amniotic fluid donated by pregnant women hold much of the same promise as embryonic stem cells."[4]

In 2000, the NIH, under the administration of President Bill Clinton, issued guidelines that allow federal funding of embryonic stem-cell research.[4]

The European Union has yet to issue consistent regulations with respect to stem cell research in member states. Whereas Germany, Austria, Italy, Finland, Ireland, Portugal and the Netherlands prohibit or severely restrict the use of embryonic stem cells, Greece, Sweden and the United Kingdom have created the legal basis to support this research.[6]Belgium bans reproductive cloning but allows therapeutic cloning of embryos.[1]France prohibits reproductive cloning and embryo creation for research purposes, but enacted laws (with a sunset provision expiring in 2009) to allow scientists to conduct stem cell research on imported a large amount of embryos from in vitro fertilization treatments.[1]Germany has restrictive policies for stem cell research, but a 2008 law authorizes "the use of imported stem cell lines produced before May 1, 2007."[1]Italy has a 2004 law that forbids all sperm or egg donations and the freezing of embryos, but allows, in effect, using existing stem cell lines that have been imported.[1]Sweden forbids reproductive cloning, but allows therapeutic cloning and authorized a stem cell bank.[1][6]

In 2001, the British Parliament amended the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (since amended by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008) to permit the destruction of embryos for hESC harvests but only if the research satisfies one of the following requirements:

The United Kingdom is one of the leaders in stem cell research, in the opinion of Lord Sainsbury, Science and Innovation Minister for the UK.[7] A new 10 million stem cell research centre has been announced at the University of Cambridge.[8]

The primary legislation in South Africa that deals with embryo research is the Human Tissue Act, which is set to be replaced by Chapter 8 of the National Health Act. The NHA Chapter 8 has been enacted by parliament, but not yet signed into force by the president. The process of finalising these regulations is still underway. The NHA Chapter 8 allows the Minister of Health to give permission for research on embryos not older than 14 days. The legislation on embryo research is complemented by the South African Medical Research Council's Ethics Guidelines. These Guidelines advise against the creation of embryos for the sole purpose of research. In the case of Christian Lawyers Association of South Africa & others v Minister of Health & others[9] the court ruled that the Bill of Rights is not applicable to the unborn. It has therefore been argued based on constitutional grounds (the right to human dignity, and the right to freedom of scientific research) that the above limitations on embryo research are overly inhibitive of the autonomy of scientists, and hence unconstitutional.[10]

China prohibits human reproductive cloning but allows the creation of human embryos for research and therapeutic purposes.[1]India banned in 2004 reproductive cloning, permitted therapeutic cloning.[1] In 2004, Japans Council for Science and Technology Policy voted to allow scientists to conduct stem cell research for therapeutic purposes, though formal guidelines have yet to be released.[1] The South Korean government promotes therapeutic cloning, but forbids cloning.[1] The Philippines prohibits human embryonic and aborted human fetal stem cells and their derivatives for human treatment and research. In 1999, Israel passed legislation banning reproductive, but not therapeutic, cloning.[1][6]Saudi Arabia religious officials issued a decree that sanctions the use of embryos for therapeutic and research purposes.[1] According to the Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, Iran has some of the most liberal laws on stem cell research and cloning.[11][12]

Brazil has passed legislation to permit stem cell research using excess in vitro fertilized embryos that have been frozen for at least three years.[1]

Federal law places restrictions on funding and use of hES cells through amendments to the budget bill.[13] In 2001, George W. Bush implemented a policy limiting the number of stem cell lines that could be used for research.[4] There were some state laws concerning stem cells that were passed in the mid-2000s. New Jersey's 2004 S1909/A2840 specifically permitted human cloning for the purpose of developing and harvesting human stem cells, and Missouri's 2006 Amendment Two legalized certain forms of embryonic stem cell research in the state. On the other hand, Arkansas, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota and South Dakota passed laws to prohibit the creation or destruction of human embryos for medical research.[13]

During Bush's second term, in July 2006, he used his first Presidential veto on the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act was the name of two similar bills, and both were vetoed by President George W. Bush and were not enacted into law. New Jersey congressman Chris Smith wrote a Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Act of 2005, which made some narrow exceptions, and was signed into law by President George W. Bush.

In November 2004, California voters approved Proposition 71, creating a US$3 billion state taxpayer-funded institute for stem cell research, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. It hopes to provide $300 million a year.

President Barack Obama removed the restriction of federal funding passed by Bush in 2001, which only allowed funding on the 21 cell lines already created. However, the Dickey Amendment to the budget, The Omnibus Appropriations Act of 2009, still bans federal funding of creating new cell lines. In other words, the federal government will now fund research which uses the hundreds of more lines created by public and private funds.[14]

In March 2002, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research announced the first ever guidelines for human pluripotent stem cell research in Canada. The federal granting agencies, CIHR, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada teamed up and agreed that no research with human IPSCs would be funded without review and approval from the Stem Cell Oversight Committee (SCOC).[15]

In March 2004, Canadian parliament enacted the Assisted Human Reproduction Act (AHRA), modeled on the United Kingdoms Human Fertilization and Embryology Act of 1990. Highlights of the act include prohibitions against the creation of embryos for research purposes and the criminalization of commercial transactions in human reproductive tissues.[16]

In 2005, Canada enacted a law permitting research on discarded embryos from in vitro fertilization procedures. However, it prohibits the creation of human embryos for research.[1]

On June 30, 2010, The Updated Guidelines for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Research outline that:

Canada's National Embryonic Stem Cell Registry:

Australia is partially supportive (exempting reproductive cloning yet allowing research on embryonic stem cells that are derived from the process of IVF). New Zealand, however, restricts stem cell research.[17]

See original here:
Stem cell laws - Wikipedia

Select a Title: Select Policy Title... Autologous or Allogeneic Stem &/or Progenitor Cell Support- POEMS Abatacept (Orencia) for Rheumatoid Arthritis Ablation Ther Atrial Fibrillation (Pulmo Venous Isolation, Radiofreq, Cryo, Ablation Therapy for Atrial Arrhythmias other than Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Therapy, Radiofrequency and Cryoablation of Pulmonary Tumors Acupuncture Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Autologous Fat Grafting to the Breast Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine (Trastuzumab-DM1) for Tx of HER-2+ Malignancies Adoptive Immunotherapy Alcohol Injections for Treatment of Peripheral Neuromas Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Allergen Specific IgE In Vitro Testing Allergy Immunotherapy Allergy Testing, Metal Allergy Testing, Serial Endpoint Testing Allogeneic Donor Leukocyte Infusion Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring Amevive (Alefacept) Amniocentesis/Chorionic Villus Samp-Detect Fetal Hereditary/Chromosomal Abn Amniotic Membrane and Amniotic Fluid Injections Angioplasty/Stent, Percutaneous, Carotid Artery Angioplasty/Stenting/Atherectomy of LE, Abd Aortic, & Visceral Arteries Annuloplasty: Percutaneous Intradiscal: IDET, PIRFT or Biacuplasty Anti-PD-1 (programmed death receptor-1)Therapy (Pembrolizumab)(Nivolumab) Antigen Leukocyte Antibody Test (ALCAT) Antineoplaston Cancer Therapy Antiprothrombin Antibody Antithrombin III Replacement Apheresis, Therapeutic (Plasma Exchange Transfusion) Aqueous Shunts and Devices for Glaucoma Arthroereisis for Pes Planus (Flat Feet) (Subtalar stabilization) Artificial Heart, Total Artificial Vertebral Disc, Cervical Spine Artificial Vertebral Disc, Lumbar Spine Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) Auditory Evoked Potential Autism Spectrum Disorder, Early Behavioral Intervention Autism Spectrum Disorder, Interventions NOT Early Behavioral Intervention Autologous Chondrocyte Implant for Focal Articular Cartilage Lesions Autologous Stem-cell Therapy to Treat Peripheral Arterial Disease Automated Whole Breast Ultrasound Balloon Sinuplasty Biochemical Marker's, Alzheimer's Disease Biofeedback as a Trtmnt of Chronic Pain Biofeedback as a Trtmnt of Fecal Incontinence or Constipation Biofeedback as a Trtmnt of Headache Biofeedback as a Trtmnt of Urinary Incontinence in Adults Biofeedback for Miscellaneous Indications Bioimpedance Devices for Detection of Lymphedema Biomarker Panel Testing for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Biomarker Test (Vectra DA) Monitoring Disease Activity-Rheumatoid Arthriti Biomarker Test, reDx, Diabetes Risk Score Biomarker, Methotrexate Polyglutamates Predict Response Methotrexate -RA Biomarker, Serum Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4) Biomarkers for Liver Disease Biventricular Pacemakers for the Trtmnt of Congestive Heart Failure Blepharoplasty/Blepharoptosis Blinatumomab (Blincyto) Blood/Platelet-Derived Growth Factors for Wound Healing Bone Growth Stim, Elec, Adjunct to Spinal Fusion Bone Growth Stim, Elect, Appendicular Skeleton Bone Markers (Collagen Crosslinks as Biological Markers of Bone Turnover) Bone Mineral Density Study Bone Morphogenetic Protein Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Brachytherapy, Brain Tumors Brachytherapy, Breast Brachytherapy, Endobronchial Brachytherapy, Prostate, High-Dose Rate Temporary Brachytherapy, Prostate, Low-dose Rate Brachytherapy, Radioembolization Primary & Metastatic Tumors of the Liver Bronchial Thermoplasty Capsaicin (Qutenza) for the Trtmnt of Post-Herpetic Neuralgia Cardiac Event Recorder, External Loop or Continuous Recorder Cardiac Event Recorder, Insertable Loop Recorder Cardiac Event Recorder, Mobile Telemetry Cardiac Rehabilitation Cardiovascular Risk Panels Cardioverter Defibrillator; Implantable, SubQ, & Wearable Carotid Intima -Media Thickness, US Meas Assess Subclinic Atherosclerosis Certified Nurse Midwives Certified Nurse Practitioners Chelation Therapy Chemical Ecology (Environ Illness, Multi Chem Sensitiv, Environ Hypersensi Chemical Labyrinthectomy in the Trtmnt of Meniere's Syndrome Chemical Peels Chemodenerv BOTOX Chemodenerv BOTOX for the Trtmnt of Chronic Migraine Headache Chemosensitivity and Chemoresistance Assays, In-Vitro Chemotherapy for Malignancy Chromoendoscopy as an Adjunct to Colonoscopy Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency in MS, Diagnosis & Trtmnt Chronic Intermittent Intravenous Insulin Therapy (CIIIT) Circulating Tumor Cells in the Mgmt of Patients with Cancer, Detection of Clinical Nurse Specialist Closure Devices-Atrial/Ventricular Septal Defects (ASD, VSD) or PFO, Percut Cochlear Implant Cognitive Rehabilitation Cold Therapy Computed Tomography (CT) Cardiac and Coronary Artery Computed Tomography (CT) Perfusion Imaging Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning for Lung Cancer Screening Computer-Assisted Musculoskeletal Surgical Navigational Orthopedic Procedur Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Continuous Passive Motion Device In the Home Setting Cord Blood as a Source of Stem Cells for Potential Disease Cord Blood as a Source of Stem Cells for Trtmnt of Identified Disease Corneal Collagen Cross-linking Corneal Topography Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring, Screening, to Predict Risk for Coronary Ar Corticosteroid Infusion of Middle Ear for Sudden Hearing Loss Cryosurgical Ablation of Breast Tumors, Benign and Malignant Cryosurgical Ablation of Pancreatic Cancer Cryosurgical Ablation of Primary or Metastatic Liver Tumors Cryosurgical Ablation of Prostate Cancer Cryosurgical Ablation of Renal Tumors Current Perception Threshold Test Cutting Guides and Custom Knee Implants Cytoreduction Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Daclatasvir (Daklinza) Daratumumab (Darzalex) Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Digital Imaging Systems for the Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Digital Motion X-ray (Cineradiography/Videoradiography) MusculoskeletalCond Digitization: Computer Enhanced X Ray Analysis for Spinal Evaluation Dopamine Transporter Imaging with Single Photon Emission CT (DAT-SPECT) Droxidopa (Northera) Dry Needling of Myofascial Trigger Points Eculizumab (Soliris) EKG, Signal Averaged Elec Stim, Auricular Stimulation and Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Elec Stim, Baroreflex Stim for the Trtmnt of Hypertension Elec Stim, Deep Brain (e.g. Parkinson, Dystonia, MS, Post Traumatic Dyskine Elec Stim, Occipital Nerve Stim for Trtmnt of Headaches Elec Stim, Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stim(PENS) or PNT Elec Stim, Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stim for the Trtmt Voiding Dysfunction Elec Stim, Transcutaneous Elec Nerve Stim Elec Stim, Vagus Nerve Stim for the Trtmnt of Depression Elec Stim, Vagus Nerve Stim for the Trtmnt of Essential Tremors Elec Stim, Vagus Nerve Stim for the Trtmnt of Fibromyalgia Elec Stim, Vagus Nerve Stim for the Trtmnt of Headaches Elec Stim, Vagus Nerve Stim for the Trtmnt of Heart Failure Elec Stim, Vagus Nerve Stim for the Trtmnt of Obesity Elec Stim, Vagus Nerve Stim for the Trtmnt of Seizures Elec/Electromagnetic Stim for the Trtmnt of Arthritis Electric Breast Pump (Hospital Grade) Electrical/Magnetic Stim, Pelvic Floor Muscles-Urinary & Fecal Incontinence Electrocardiogram, Computerized 2-Lead Analysis for the Diagnosis of CAD Electrocardiographic Body Surface Mapping Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy Electrophrenic Pacemaker (Diaphragmatic Pacemaker) ElectroStim and Electromagnetic Therapy for the Trtmnt of Wounds Endobronchial Valves Endothelial Function Testing, Noninvasive Endothelial Keratoplasty Endovascular Procedures, Intracranial Arterial Dz & Extracranial Vertebral Endovascular Stent Grafts for Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms or Dissections Epidural Adhesiolysis, Percutaneous Epiduroscopy Epiretinal Rad Ther for Age-Related Macular Degeneration ESWL for Plantar Fasciitis and Other Musculoskeletal Conditions ESWL in the Trtmnt of Peyronie's Disease Etanercept (Enbrel) External Enhanced Cardiac Counterpulsation (EECP) Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Adult Conditions Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery in Cerebrovascular Disease Eyelid Thermal Pulsation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Femoroacetabular Impingement, Surgical Trtmnt of Fetal Fibronectin Enzyme Immunoassay Focal Treatments for Prostate Cancer Food and Chemical Sensitivity Testing Functional Anesthetic Discography Functional Intracellular Analysis Gait Analysis Galectin Measurement Gastric NeuroStim for Morbid Obesity Gastric NeuroStim for Trtmnt of Gastric and/or Small Bowel Paresi Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Magnetic Esophageal Ring Genetic Test: Analysis of MGMT Promoter Methylation in Malignant Gliomas Genetic Test: Aspirin Trtmnt, Lipoprotein(a) Variant(s) as a Decision Aid Genetic Test: Breast Ca Predict; Risk of Recurrence Need for Adjuvant Chem Genetic Test: Molecular Markers in Fine Needle Aspirates of the Thyroid Genetic Test: X-Linked Opitz G/BBB Syndrome, MID1 Mutation Testing Genetic Test: Acute Myeloid Leukemia, (FLT3 and NPM1) Genetic Test: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis; Prediction of Disease Prog Genetic Test: Aid in the Mgmt of Psychiatric Meds & Conditions Genetic Test: Allopurinol Sensitivity (HLA-B*5801) Genetic Test: Alpha Thalessemia Genetic Test: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Genetic Test: Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Test: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Genetic Test: Asthma, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ Genotyping Genetic Test: Azothiaprine 6MP Sensitivity,Genotyping Phenotyping (TPMT) Genetic Test: BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations Genetic Test: Breast Ca Predict; Risk of Distant Metastasis Adjuvant Chem Genetic Test: Breast Ca Predict; Risk of Distant Metastasis Need Adjuvant C Genetic Test: Breast Ca; Risk Recurrence Need Adjuvamt Chemo (Oncotype Dx) Genetic Test: Canavan Disease Genetic Test: Cancer Susceptibility Panels Using Next Generation Sequencing Genetic Test: Carbamazepine HLA-B*1502 Genetic Test: Cardiac Ion Channelopathies Genetic Test: Celiac Disease, HLA Typing (HLA-DQ) Genetic Test: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy (CADASIL) (NOTCH3) Genetic Test: CHARGE Syndrome Genetic Test: Chromosomal Microarray (CMA) & NGS Eval Pat Devel Delay/Autis Genetic Test: CMA Testing for the Evaluation of Pregnancy Loss Genetic Test: CML and ALL (BCR-ABL) Genetic Test: Colon Ca, KRAS, NRAS,BRAF Mutation-Tumor Sensitivity to Chemo Genetic Test: Colon Cancer, Gene Expression Profiling Genetic Test: Coronary Artery Disease, Testing to Predict Risk (Corus CAD) Genetic Test: Diagnosis & CA Risk Assessment for Prostate Cancer Genetic Test: Dilated Cardiomyopathy Genetic Test: Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy Genetic Test: Epilepsy Genetic Test: Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Genetic Test: Factor V Leiden Genetic Test: Fanconi Anemia Genetic Test: Fecal DNA to Detect Colorectal Cancer, Screening Genetic Test: Fetal RHD Genotyping Using Maternal Plasma Genetic Test: FMR 1 Mutations Including Fragile X Syndrome Genetic Test: Genotyping for 9p21 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-Cardio Genetic Test: Germline Mutations RET Protooncogene in Medullary Cx Thyroid Genetic Test: Head & Neck Cancer, EGFR Mutation Analysis Genetic Test: Heart Transplantation Rejection, AlloMap Testing Genetic Test: Hemochromatosis Genetic Test: HER2 Testing Genetic Test: Hereditary Pancreatitis Genetic Test: HERmark, HER2 Breast Cancer Assay Meas HER2 Tot Protein Ex Genetic Test: HLA-B*5701 Testing for Abacavir Hypersensitivity Reaction Genetic Test: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Predisposition Genetic Test: Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies (Charcot Marie Tooth, HNPP) Genetic Test: JAK2 and MPL Mutation Test for Myeloproliferative Disorders Genetic Test: KIF6 Predict Risk for CVD and/or Effectiveness of Statin Tx Genetic Test: KIT (c-KIT, CD117) Genetic Test: Lactase Insufficiency (-13910 C>T) Genetic Test: Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Genetic Test: Lynch Syndrome and Inherited Intestinal Polyposis Syndromes Genetic Test: Macular Degeneration Genetic Test: Melanoma, Hereditary Genetic Test: Melanoma, V600E Mutation Testing - Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) Genetic Test: Microarray-based Gene Exp Profile Analysis Prostate CA Mang Genetic Test: Microarray-Based Gene Expression Testing, CUP Genetic Test: Miscellaneous Genetic and Molecular Diagnostic Tests Genetic Test: Mitochondrial Disorders Genetic Test: Molecular Testing of Tumors for Genomic Profiling Genetic Test: Multiple Myeloma, Gene Expression Profiling Genetic Test: Mutation Testing for Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies Genetic Test: Neurofibromatosis Genetic Test: PALB2 Mutations Genetic Test: PathFinderTG Molecular Testing Genetic Test: Pharmacogenetic Testing for Pain Management Genetic Test: Prenatal Analysis of Fetal DNA Detect Fetal Aneuploidy Genetic Test: Prothrombin Thrombophilia (G20210A) and MTHFR Mutations Genetic Test: PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome Genetic Test: Rett Syndrome Genetic Test: Statin-Induced Myopathy (SLCO1B1) Genetic Test: Tamoxifen Trtmnt (CYP2D6) Genetic Test: Testing for Use of 5-FU in Patients with Cancer Genetic Test: UGT1A1 to Predict Toxicity to Irinotecan Genetic Test: Universal Gene Test (Counsyl) Genetic Test: Use of Common Genetic Variants (SNPS), Nonfamilial Breast CA Genetic Test: Uveal Melanoma, Gene Expr Profile Predict Risk of Metastasis Genetic Test: Warfarin Dose/Response Genetic Test: Whole Exome Sequencing Genetic Testing: CHEK2 Mutations for Breast Cancer Glaucoma Evaluation, Ophthalmologic Techniques Glucose Monitoring, Continuous Golimumab (Simponi) Growth Hormone, Human Handheld Radio Spectroscopy for Intraoperative Assessment of Surg Margins.. HDC & Allo-Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia HDC & Allo-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia HDC & Allo-Auto-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma HDC & Allo-Auto-Chronic Malignant Astrocytomas & Gliomas HDC & Allo-Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia HDC & Allo-Ewing's Sarcoma HDC & Allo-Genetic Diseases & Acquired Anamias HDC & Allo-Hematophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis HDC & Allo-Hodgkin's Disease HDC & Allo-Myelodysplastic Disease HDC & Allo-Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma HDC & Allo-Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET) & Ependymoma HDC & Allo-Solid Tumors of Childhood HDC & Auto-Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia HDC & Auto-Acute Myelogenous Leukemia HDC & Auto-Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia HDC & Auto-Ewing's Sarcoma HDC & Auto-followed by Nonmyeloablative Allogeneic SCT for Multiple Myeloma HDC & Auto-Germ Cell Tumors HDC & Auto-Hodgkin's Disease HDC & Auto-Multiple Myeloma HDC & Auto-Myelodysplastic Syndrome HDC & Auto-Non Hodgkin's Lymphomas HDC & Auto-Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET) & Ependymoma HDC & Auto-Solid Tumors of Childhood HDC & Auto-Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia HDC & Autologous or Allogeneic Stem Cell Sup-Epith Ovarian Cancer HDC & Hematopoietic Stem Cell Support for Breast Cancer HDC & Hematopoietic Stem Cell Support-Autoim Diseases Include Mult HDC & Hematopoietic Stem Cell Support-Misc Solid Tumors Adults HDC -AL Amyloidosis (Light Chain Amyloidosis) Heartsbreath Test for Heart Transplant Rejection Detection Hemodynamic Monitoring of Heart Failure, Mgmt in the Outpatient Setting Hepatic Tumors, Ablative Procedures(PEI, Acetic Acid Inj, ILP, LITT) Hereditary Angioedema, Prophylaxis and Acute Treatment Hip Resurfacing Hippotherapy HIV Tropism, Testing Home Apnea Monitors Home Uterine Activity Monitor Homocysteine Measurement Hormone Pellet Implantation for Hormone Replacement Therapy Human Papilloma Virus Testing of Cervical Pap Smears Hyperbaric Oxygen Pressurization (HBO) Hyperhidrosis Trtmnt Hysteroscopic Placement Micro-Inserts in Fallopian Tubes Form Immune Cell Function Assay Immune Globulin, Intravenous and Subcutaneous Implantable Bone Conduction Hearing Aids Implantable Infusion Pump Implantable Telescope for the Trtmnt of Age-Related Macular Degeneration IMRT IMRT, Anus, Anal Canal IMRT, Breast IMRT, Lung IMRT, Prostate Infertility Services Infliximab (Remicade) Ingestible pH and Pressure Capsule Injection, Clostridial Collagenase Fibroproliferative Disorders Insulin Infusion Pumps, External Interferon Gamma-1B Interspinous and Interlaminar Stabilization/Distraction Devices (Spacers) Interventions for Progressive Scoliosis Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring Intraoperative Radiation Therapy Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments, Implantation Intrauterine Systems, Progesterone or Progestogen-Releasing Intravenous Lidocaine or Ketamine Outpatient Management of Chronic Pain Intravitreal Implant, Dexamethasone (Ozurdex) Intravitreal Implant, Fluocinolone Acetonide (Retisert, Iluvien) Ipilimumab (Yervoy) Iron Therapy, Parenteral Irreversible Electroporation, Nanoknife Keratomileusis Keratophakia Keratoplasties, Refractive Keratoprosthesis Kyphoplasty, Percutaneous and Mechanical Vertebral Augmentation Lab Test: Identification of Microorganisms Using Nucleic Acid Probes Laser Treatment of Onychomycosis Laser Trtmnt of Congenital Port Wine Stain Hemangiomas Left Atrial Appendage, Closure Device, Percutaneous Leuprolide (Lupron) LITT for Brain Tumors Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS) Lyme Disease, Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy and Associated Diagnostic Test Lymphedema Pumps (Pneumatic Compression Devices) Trtmnt of Lymphedema Macular Translocation Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Magnetoencephalography/Magnetic Source Imaging Mammoplasty, Reduction Mastectomy, Male Gynecomastia Mastectomy, Prophylactic Maze Procedure Measurement of Serum Antibodies to Infliximab and Adalimumab Measuremt of Exhaled Nitric Oxide Dx and Mgmt of Asthma & Other Resp Disord Measuremt of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) -Cardiovasul Measuremt of Serum Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (Remnant-like Partic Meniscal Allograft Transplantation and Synthetic Meniscal Implants Mepolizumab (Nucala) Metabolite Testing, Monitor Antimetabolite Therapy for IBS, CVD, ALL Microprocessor-Controlled Prostheses for the Lower Limb Microwave Ablation of Tumors Microwave Thermotherapy for Breast Cancer Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Lumbar Decompression for Spinal Stenosis Minimally Invasive Lumbar Interbody Fusion Mohs' Micrographic Surgery MR Guided Ultrasound Ablation - Uterine Fibroids and Other Tumors MRI Targeted Biopsy of the Prostate MRI, Breast MRI, Cardiac Applications MRI, Functional Multiple Sleep Latency/Maintenance of Wakefulness Test Multispectral Digital Skin Lesion Analysis (MelaFind) (MSDSLA) Multitarget PCR Testing for Dx of Bacterial Vaginosis (SureSwab) (NuSwab) Mutation Molecular Analysis for Targeted Therapy in Patients With NSCLC Myocardial Damage, Auto Cell Therapy(progenitor, hematopoietic SC, Myoblast Myocardial Sympathetic Innervation Imaging in Patients with Heart Failure Myoelectric Prosthesis for the Upper Limb Natalizumab (Tysabri) Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Needle Arthroscopy Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS), EMG and SEMG Nerve Graft For Patients Undergoing Radical Non-Nerve-Sparing Prostatectomy Nesiritide (Natrecor) for Use in the Outpatient Setting Neural Therapy Neurofeedback Neuromuscular Stim, Functional Non-Myeloablative Allo SCT Noninvasive Imaging Technologies to Detect Liver Fibrosis or Cirrhosis Novel Lipid Risk Factors in Risk Assessment & Management of CV Disease Nutritional Panel Testing (NutrEval, ONE FMV) Nutritional Supplements OATS and/or Mosaicplasty For Osteochondral Defects of the Knee Ocriplasmin (Jetrea) for Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion Omalizumab (Xolair) Oophorectomy, Prophylactic Oprelvekin (Neumega) Optical Coherence Tomography Anterior Eye Segment Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of Coronary Arteries Optical Diagnostic Devices, Evaluating Skin Lesions Suspected of Malignancy Orthopedic Applications of Stem Cell Therapy Orthoptic Training for the Trtmnt of Vision and Learning Disabilities Oscillatory Devices for Chest Physical Therapy Osteochondral Allograft and/or Mosaicplasty for Osteochondral Defects Knee Ovarian & Internal Iliac Vein Embolization Trtmnt of Pelvic Congest Syndrom Pain Management, Facet Joint Block Pain Management, Facet Nerve Denervation, other than Radiofreq Pain Management, Radiofreq Facet Joint Denervation Paliperidone Palmitate (Injectables Invega Sustenna & Invega Trinza) pasireotide Patient-actuated End Range Motion Stretching Devices PCSK9 INHIBITORS (Evolocumab) (Alirocumab) PDE-5 Inhibitors for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (Tadalafil) Percutaneous Transluminal Endovascular Graft for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Peripheral Subcutaneous Field Stimulation Periureteral Bulking Agents Trtmnt of Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Periurethral Bulking Agents Trtmnt of urinary and Fecal Incontinence Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) for Treatment of Esophageal Achalasia Pertuzumab PET or PET/CT for Anal Carcinoma PET or PET/CT for Brain Imaging, Non-malignant Dis PET or PET/CT for Breast Cancer PET or PET/CT for Carcinoma of Unknown Primary (CUP) PET or PET/CT for Cervical Cancer PET or PET/CT for Colorectal Cancer PET or PET/CT for Esophageal or Esophagogastric Junction (EGJ) Cancer PET or PET/CT for Gastric Cancer PET or PET/CT for Head and Neck Malignant Disease PET or PET/CT for Hodgkin's Lymphoma PET or PET/CT for Lymphadenopathy of Unknown Cause PET or PET/CT for Malignant Brain Tumors PET or PET/CT for Melanoma PET or PET/CT for Mesothelioma PET or PET/CT for Neuroendocrine Tumors PET or PET/CT for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma PET or PET/CT for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer PET or PET/CT for Ovarian Cancer PET or PET/CT for Pancreatic Cancer PET or PET/CT for Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis PET or PET/CT for Renal Cell Carcinoma PET or PET/CT for Small Cell Lung Cancer PET or PET/CT for Soft Tissue Sarcoma, including GIST PET or PET/CT for Testicular Germ Cell Cancer PET or PET/CT for Thymoma/Thymic Carcinoma PET or PET/CT for Thyroid Cancer PET or PET/CT for Vulvar Carcinoma PET or PET/CT, Choline C 11 or FDG, for Prostate Cancer PET Scan for Alzheimer's-Beta Amyloid Imaging PET Scan for Alzheimer's-FDG PET Scan for Cardiac Applications PET Scan for Multiple Myeloma, Plasmacytoma Photochemotherapy (PUVA) Photochemotherapy, Extracorporeal Trtmnt of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Photochemotherapy, Extracorporeal Trtmnt of Graft-versus-Host Disease Photochemotherapy, Extracorporeal Trtmnt to Prevent Reject after Transplant Photodynamic Therapy for Dermatologic Conditions Photodynamic Therapy for Malignancy Photodynamic Therapy for Ophthalmology Phototherapy for Psoriasis Phototherapy for Vitiligo Physician Assistants Platelet-Rich Plasma (Autologous Growth Factors), Orthopedic Applications Plugs for Anal Fistula Repair Pneumatic Compression Device, Intermittent, after Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Polysomnography for Non-Respiratory Sleep Disorders Positional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Positional Plagiocephaly & Craniosynostoses: Adjustable Cranial Orthoses Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) Posturography, Dynamic/Static Powered Exoskeleton for Ambulation in Patients with Lower Limb Disabilities PPACA FOR NGP: ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: ALCOHOL MISUSE COUNSELING AND/OR SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: ANEMIA, SCREENING, INFANTS, CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: ASPIRIN TO PREVENT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: ASPIRIN, TO PREVENT MORBIDITY & MORTALITY FROM PREECLAMPSIA PPACA FOR NGP: AUTISM SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: BACTERIURIA SCREENING IN PREGNANT WOMEN PPACA FOR NGP: BICYCLE HELMET USE, CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: BLOOD PRESSURE, SCREENING, INFANTS, CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: BRCA TESTING; GENETIC COUNSELING AND EVALUATION PPACA FOR NGP: BREAST CANCER PREVENTIVE MEDICATION PPACA FOR NGP: BREAST CANCER SCREENING (MAMMOGRAPHY) PPACA FOR NGP: BREASTFEEDING COUNSELING PPACA FOR NGP: CARDIOMETABOLIC RISKS OF OBESITY, CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION SCREENING IN WOMEN & ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND COUNSELING PPACA FOR NGP: DENTAL CARIES PREVENTION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN PPACA FOR NGP: DEPRESSION SCREENING IN ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: DEPRESSION SCREENING, ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: FOLIC ACID FOR PREVENTION OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS PPACA FOR NGP: GESTATIONAL DIABETES SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: GONORRHEA PROPHYLAXIS, NEWBORN OPHTHALMIC PPACA FOR NGP: GONORRHEA SCREENING, WOMEN & ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: HCV SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: HEARING LOSS SCREENING IN NEWBORNS UP TO AGE 21 PPACA FOR NGP: HEP B VIRUS INFECTION, SCREENING, PREGNANCY, ADOL & ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE SCREENING IN ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: HPV SCREENING FOR SEXUALLY ACTIVE WOMEN PPACA FOR NGP: HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) COUNSELING & SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: HYPOTHYROIDISM SCREENING IN NEWBORNS PPACA FOR NGP: IBC, TO PROMOTE HEALTHY DIET & EXERCISE, ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE; SCREENING IN WOMEN PPACA FOR NGP: IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA SCREENING IN PREGNANT WOMEN PPACA FOR NGP: IRON SUPPLEMENTATION FOR CHILDREN PPACA FOR NGP: LEAD SCREENING, INFANTS & CHILDREN PPACA FOR NGP: LUNG CANCER SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: MEDIA USE, SCREENING & COUNSELING PPACA FOR NGP: METABOLIC/HEMOGLOBIN SCREENING, NEWBORNS PPACA FOR NGP: OBESITY IN CHILDREN; SCREENING AND COUNSELING PPACA FOR NGP: OBESITY SCREENING IN ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: OSTEOPOROSIS SCREENING IN WOMEN PPACA FOR NGP: OVERVIEW PPACA FOR NGP: PHENYLKETONURIA SCREENING IN NEWBORNS PPACA FOR NGP: PREGNANCY SCREENING, SEXUALLY ACTIVE FEMALES PPACA FOR NGP: PREVENTION OF FALLS IN COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: RH INCOMPATABILITY SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: SERUM LIPIDS SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS, BEHAVIORAL COUNSELING-PREVE PPACA FOR NGP: SICKLE CELL DISEASE, NEWBORN SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: SKIN CANCER, COUNSELING PPACA FOR NGP: SYPHILIS SCREENING PPACA FOR NGP: TB SCREENING, INFANTS, CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS PPACA FOR NGP: TOBACCO USE, SCREENING, COUNSELING AND INTERVENTIONS PPACA FOR NGP: TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS SCREENING FOR ADULTS PPACA FOR NGP: VISUAL IMPAIRMENT SCREENING IN CHILDREN PPACA FOR NGP: WELL CHILD VISITS PPACA FOR NGP: WELL-WOMAN VISITS PPACA rule,NGP_Clinical Trials Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, Testing or Trtmnt Procalcitonin Prolotherapy (Sclerotherapy) Prostate Cancer Predicting Risk of Recurrence, Systems Pathology Prostate, Saturation Biopsy Prostatic Stent, Temporary Prostatic Urethral Lift (UroLift System) Proteomics Predict Response to Chemotherapy (VeriStrat) Proteomics, Evaluation of Ovarian (Adnexal) Masses (e.g., OVA1, ROMA) Proteomics, Screening and Detection of Cancer (e.g., OvaCheck) Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Pharm Trtmnt w Prostacyclin Analogues, ETC Pulmonary Rehabilitation Pulsed Pressure, Trtmnt for Meniere's Disease Quantitative Electroencephalography as a Diagnostic Aid for ADHD Rad Ther, Image Guidance for Prostate Cancer Rad Ther, Proton Beam for Trtmnt of Prostate Cancer Rad Ther, Proton Beam or Helium Ion Irradiation, Other than Prostate Radioactive Seed Localization of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions Radiofreq Ablation & Other Laparoscopic & Perc Techniques, Uterine Fibroids Radiofreq Ablation, Barrett's Esophagus Radiofreq Ablation, Bony Metastases Radiofreq Ablation, Breast Tumors Radiofreq Ablation, Osteoid Osteoma Radiofreq Ablation, Renal Tumors Radiofreq Trtmnt of Fecal Incontinence Radiofreq Trtmnt, Chronic Back Pain (Nucleoplasty) Radiofrequency Ablation of Peripheral Nerves to Treat Pain Radiofrequency Ablation of Primary or Metastatic Liver Tumors Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Sympathetic Nerves, Tx for Resistant HTN Radioimmunoscintigraphy Imaging - In-111 Capromab Pendetide (ProstaScint) Radioimmunotherapy in the Trtmnt of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Radium Ra 223 dichloride for Symptomatic Osseous Metastatic Prostate Cancer Renal Artery, Angioplasty/Stenting, Percutaneous Repair Durable Medical Equipment (DME) and External Prosthetic Devices Repository Corticotropin Injection Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immune Prophylaxis with Palivizumab (Synagis) Responsive Neurostimulation for the Tx of Refractory Partial Epilepsy Rilonacept (Arcalyst) Rituximab (Rituxan), Off-label Use Sacral Nerve Stim Trtmnt of Fecal Incontinence Sacral Nerve Stim Trtmnt of Neurogenic Bladder Second to Spinal Cord Injury Sacral Nerve Stim Trtmnt of Urge Urinary Incontinence Sacroiliac Joint Fusion, Minimally Invasive Sacroplasty Scintimammography and Gamma Imaging of the Breast and Axilla Scleral Contact Lens, Gas Permeable Screening for Vertebral Fracture with Dual X-ray Absorptiornetry Semi-Implantable and Fully Implantable Middle Ear Hearing Aid Sensory Integration Therapy and Auditory Integration Therapy Serum Antibodies for Diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Short Tandem Repeat Analysis for Specimen Provenance Test (know error) Sinus Spacers and Stents, Implantable, following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) for the Trtmnt of Prostate Cancer Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes, Bio-Engineered Products Sleep Apnea & Pulmonary Disease, Ventilation Support & Resp Assist Devices Sleep Apnea, Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment Sleep Apnea, Testing Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) Soft Tissue Substitutes, Orthobiologic Implant Spinal Cord NeuroStim for Trtmnt of Intractable Pain Spinal Decompression Ther (Internal Disc Decompression Ther, Spinal Distrac Spinal Manipulation Under General Anesthesia Spinal Unloading Devices Trtmnt Low Back Pain (Orthotrac Pneumatic Vest) ST2 Assay for Chronic Heart Failure Stem Cell Growth Factor, Romiplostim (Nplate) Stem Cell Growth Factors, ESAs, Darbepoetin, Epoetin, Peginesatide Stereotactic Radiosurgery Gamma Knife Surg ,Linear Accelerator, Cyberknife, Subconjunctival Retinal Prosthesis Surg Deactivation of Headache Trigger Sites Surg Interruption Pelvic Nerve Pathways for Prim & Second Dysmenorrhea Surgery for Morbid Obesity Teduglutide for SBS Telemedicine Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Testing For Drugs of Abuse including Controlled Substances Testosterone Replacement Therapy Thermography and Infrared Dermal Thermometry Tocolysis, Acute and Maintenance Therapy Total Facet Arthroplasty Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEMS/TAMIS) Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Treat Prim or Metas Liver Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation Transcranial Magnetic Stim Trtmnt of Depression & Other Psychiatric Disorde Transesophageal Ther GERD, Endoscopic Radiofreq Transesophageal Ther GERD, Endoscopic Suturing, Transoral Incisionless Fund Transesophageal Therapy for GERD, Endoscopic Polymer Inj., Bulking Agents Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization Transplant, Allogeneic Islet Cell or Pancreas for Diabetes Mellitus Transplant, Autologous Islet Cell for Chronic Pancreatitis Transplant, Composite Tissue Allotransplantation, Hand and/or Face Transplant, Heart Transplant, Heart/Lung Transplant, Kidney Transplant, Liver Transplant, Lung and Lobar Lung Transplant, Small Bowel Transplant, Small Bowel/Liver and Multivisceral Transpupillary Thermotherapy for Trtmnt of Choroidal Neovascularization Trastuzumab Treatment of Varicose Veins/Venous Insufficiency Tumor Antigen, CA 125 (Carcinoembryonic Antigen 125) Tumor Antigen, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Tumor Markers, Urinary Bladder Cancer Tumor Vaccines Tumor-Treating Fields Therapy for Glioblastoma (NovoTTF) Ultrafiltration in Decompensated Heart Failure Under Heavy Sedation or General Anesthesia as a Tech of Opioid Detoxificati Unicondylar Interpositional Spacer Trtmnt Unicompartmental Arthritis Knee Urinary Metabolite Tests for Adherence to DAA Medications for HEP C US Accelerated Fracture Healing Device US Maternity Care US Maternity Care, 1st Trim Detect Down Syndrome-Fetal US Assess Nuchal Tra US Trtmnt for Wounds, Non-Contact Uterine Artery Embolization Trtmnt of Leiomyomas or Abnormal Uterine Bleedi Vacuum Assisted Closure Device Vagal Nerve Blocking Therapy for the Treatment of Obesity Vedolizumab (Entyvio) for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Ventricular Assist Devices Ventricular Restoration/Remodeling, Surgical Vertebroplasty, Percutaneous Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib Viekira Pak Virtual Colonoscopy/CT Colonography Viscocanalostomy and Canaloplasty Viscosupplementation for Trtmnt of Osteoarthritis of the Knee Whole Body Computed Tomography Scan as a Screening Test Wireless Capsule Endoscopy, Small Bowel Study, Esophagus & Colon Wireless Pressure Sensors in Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

When you select a policy, you will see its title, category and effective date at the top of the page. A description of the treatment and the actual policy, which explains what is covered, follow. At the bottom of the page, you will see related CPT codes and references.

Originally posted here:
Coverage Policy - Arkansas Blue Cross and Blue Shield

Get ready for winter!

A beautiful fall is quickly transitioning into an early winter! Along with the cooler weather, this season also brings hazards for your horses acorns and persimmons. Every year we treat multiple severe colics due to ingestion of acorns and persimmons. These colics are very hard to treat and are frequently fatal.

This time of year we often talk about winterizing your horse. When cold weather hits, horses burn extra calories to maintain body temperature. If your horse is underweight going into the winter months, it is extremely hard to maintain optimal body condition. We recommend a dental exam and a fecal test to check for internal parasites.

We also recommend starting a fat supplement now if your horse is borderline underweight. Geriatric horses are prone to dental problems and usually require extra calories to maintain body condition.

We are very pleased to welcome two new members to our staff Mrs. Megan Caldwell (left photo) and Mrs. Michelle Grabill. Megan recently graduated from the University of Arkansas with Bachelors of Animal Science. Michelle is currently in the Arkansas State University Veterinary Technician program. Both Megan and Michelle have quickly become very valuable assets to PVH.

On August 12th and 13th PVH held an Equine Gastroscopy Seminar and Clinic. On the 12th, we held an educational seminar provided by Merial Pharmaceuticals explaining equine gastric ulcer syndrome. The next day, we held a scoping lab and scoped 26 of our clients horses.

Out of the 26 horses scoped, 23 presented with grade 1-3 ulcers. These horses ranged from actively competitive barrel horses to retired show horses and pasture horses. These results prove that stomach ulcers do not only occur in active show horses.

The only way to definitively diagnose this disorder is by a gastroscopy exam. If you suspect your horse may have ulcers, give us a call.

PVH is excited to offer our patients a new era of medical treatment in regenerative medicine. We are now able to harvest, process and administer stem cell therapy to your horse, dog or cat. The stem cells are derived from your animals own fat, and processed to release the benefits of the bodys own stem cells. Because the cells come from the animals own tissue the risk for adverse reactions is minimal.

Currently we are using stem cell therapy via IV administration or local administration directly into the site of the problem. Examples would be IV administration for kidney or liver failure, with local administration directly into an arthritic joint or into the stissue around damaged vertebra.

To read about how stem cell therapy helped "Wiley" the Australian Shepherd and to see photos of his remarkable progress, CLICK HERE.

The Equine Health & Hoof Fest was a runaway success! Veterinarians, farriers, researchers and horse owners came together in January at Back Achers Ranch in Conway with one goal in mind share information to help horses have healthier lives. This was the fourth year for the event, created by Paul Dorris Jr. of the Arkansas Horseshoeing School and Dr. Mike Pallone.Their vision is to make life better for horses by sharing information among different groups of equine practitioners. For more photos from the event, CLICK HERE.

Dr. Mike Pallone (left) and Paul Dorris Jr. stop just long enough to get their photo taken at Equine Health & Hoof Fest, an event they started four years ago.

Continue reading here:
Welcome to Pallone Veterinary Hospital in Rose Bud, Arkansas

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GrandViewResearch.com has announced the addition of Global Human Embryonic Stem Cell Market Analysis And Segment Forecasts To 2020 Market Research report to their Database

The global human embryonic stem cell market is anticipated to gain lucrative growth over the forecast period owing to rising incidences of genetic, blood and immunity associated disorders. Increasing geriatric population base is also a high impact rendering driver of this market. Moreover, rising preference by physicians owing to overcoming limitations in current therapies including tissue damage and frequent disease relapse cases are also expected to propel the growth of this market over the next seven years. Furthermore, technological advancements and rising usage in various medical applications such as cellular transplantation therapy and developmental biology are expected to boost demand for human embryonic stem cell in near future.

Full research report on Global Human Embryonic Stem Cell Market with detailed figures and charts available at:http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/human-embryonic-stem-cell-market

The global human embryonic stem cell market is segregated on the basis of application into tissue engineering, toxicology testing, regenerative medicine and stem cell biology research. As of 2014, stem cell biology research held the largest share of the market as a consequence of increasing need of early screening and treatment of genetic disorders. Tissue engineering is anticipated to be the fastest growing segment owing to associated benefits including high cost efficiency and increased stability of the repaired tissues thereby driving the demand for market over the forecast period.

Get more information on Global Human Embryonic Stem Cell Market or request for TOC of this research report at:http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/human-embryonic-stem-cell-market/request-toc

North America held the largest market share in 2014, owing to contributing factors such as rising incidences of genetic, cardiac and neurological disorders. Rising geriatric population base, increased awareness, high disposable income and availability of sophisticated healthcare infrastructure are also a high impact rendering drivers for this region. Asia Pacific is anticipated to be the fastest growing region over the forecast period as a consequence of increasing investments and awareness pertaining to new therapies for chronic diseases. Moreover, increasing contract research outsourcing and rising disposable income are anticipated to propel growth potential for this region over the forecast period.

The major market players include Vitrolife AB, Celgene Corporation Inc., Biotime Inc., Geron, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Osiris Therapeutics, California Stem Cell Inc., NovoCell, Cell Dynamics International, Cellartis AB and Angel Biotechnology. These companies employ strategies including collaborations, geographic diversification and extensive clinical trials in order to capitalize their market share. Moreover, promoting medical tourism and reducing marketing expenditure are expected to expand their market share over the forecast period. For instance, development of innovative products such as disposable cell culture devices, tridimensional bioreactors and nanosensors are expected to boost the demand for the market. These advancements result in facilitating longer preservation of stem cells and real time monitoring of cells that are anticipated to drive the demand for the market over the forecast period.

View more reports of this category by Grand View Research at:http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry/biotechnology

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