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Epigenetics literally means "above" or "on top of" genetics. It refers to external modifications to DNA that turn genes "on" or "off." These modifications do not change the DNA sequence, but instead, they affect how cells "read" genes.

Examples of epigenetics

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of DNA. One example of an epigenetic change is DNA methylation the addition of a methyl group, or a "chemical cap," to part of the DNA molecule, which prevents certain genes from being expressed.

Another example is histone modification. Histones are proteins that DNA wraps around. (Without histones, DNA would be too long to fit inside cells.) If histones squeeze DNA tightly, the DNA cannot be "read" by the cell. Modifications that relax the histones can make the DNA accessible to proteins that "read" genes.

Epigenetics is the reason why a skin cell looks different from a brain cell or a muscle cell. All three cells contain the same DNA, but their genes are expressed differently (turned "on" or "off"), which creates the different cell types.

Epigenetic inheritance

It may be possible to pass down epigenetic changes to future generations if the changes occur in sperm or egg cells. Most epigenetic changes that occur in sperm and egg cells get erased when the two combine to form a fertilized egg, in a process called "reprogramming." This reprogramming allows the cells of the fetus to "start from scratch" and make their own epigenetic changes. But scientists think some of the epigenetic changes in parents' sperm and egg cells may avoid the reprogramming process, and make it through to the next generation. If this is true, things like the food a person eats before they conceive could affect their future child. However, this has not been proven in people.

Epigenetics and cancer

Scientists now think epigenetics can play a role in the development of some cancers. For instance, an epigenetic change that silences a tumor suppressor gene such as a gene that keeps the growth of the cell in check could lead to uncontrolled cellular growth. Another example might be an epigenetic change that "turns off" genes that help repair damaged DNA, leading to an increase in DNA damage, which in turn, increases cancer risk.

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Epigenetics: Definition & Examples | Live Science

Genetics: The Blueprint of Health and DiseasePurified DNA fluorescing orange under UV light

Why do some people become addicted while others don't? Family studies that include identical twins, fraternal twins, adoptees, and siblings suggest that as much as half of a person's risk of becoming addicted to nicotine, alcohol, or other drugs depends on his or her genetic makeup. Finding the biological basis for this risk is an important avenue of research for scientists trying to solve the problem of drug addiction.

Genetics is the study of genes. Genes are functional units of DNA that make up the human genome. They provide the information that directs a body's basic cellular activities. Research on the human genome has shown that, on average, the DNA sequences of any two people are 99.9 percent the same. However, that 0.1 percent variation is profoundly importantit accounts for three million differences in the nearly three billion base pairs of DNA sequence! These differences contribute to visible variations, like height and hair color, and invisible traits, such as increased risk for or protection from certain diseases such as heart attack, stroke, diabetes, and addiction.

Some diseases, such as sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis, are caused by a change, known as a mutation, in a single gene. Some mutations, like the BRCA 1 and 2 mutations that are linked to a much higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer, have become critical medical tools in evaluating a patient's risk for serious diseases. Medical researchers have had striking success at unraveling the genetics of these single-gene disorders, though finding treatments or cures has not been as simple. Most diseases, including addiction, are complex, and variations in many different genes contribute to a person's overall level of risk or protection. The good news is that scientists are actively pursuing many more paths to treatment and prevention of these complex illnesses.

Recent advances in DNA analysis are helping researchers untangle complex genetic interactions by examining a person's entire genome all at once. Technologies such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), whole genome sequencing, and exome sequencing (looking at just the protein-coding genes) identify subtle variations in DNA sequence called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are differences in just a single letter of the genetic code from one person to another. If a SNP appears more often in people with a disease than those without, it is thought to either directly affect susceptibility to that disease or be a marker for another variation that does.

GWAS and sequencing are extremely powerful tools because they can find a connection between a known gene or genes and a disorder, and can identify genes that may have been overlooked or were previously unknown.

Through these methods, scientists can gather more evidence from affected families or use animal models and biochemical experiments to verify and understand the link between a gene and the risk of addiction. These findings would then be the basis for developing new treatment and intervention approaches.

It is estimated that 30% of marijuana users have a cannabis use disorder, representing problematic useand in some casesaddiction. The risk for cannabis use disorder has a strong genetic component, but the genetic architecture has been unclear. Scientists recently performed a genome-wide association study11 to try to identify genes that might put people at risk for problematic cannabis use. They studied 2,387 cases and 48,985 controls, and replicated their findings in another large group. They identified a genetic locus on chromosome 8 that controls the levels of the gene CHRNA2 expressed in the brain.Low levels of expression of the gene CHRNA2 in the cerebellum are found to beassociated with cannabis use disorder, including diagnosis at an earlier age. In addition, genetic factors associated with educational attainment were found to be protective against the disorder. The findings suggest that under expression of CHRNA2 in the cerebellum (and probably other brain regions) is involved in cannabis use disorders, and provides a potential target for future prevention strategies, therapies and medications.

That old saying "nature or nurture" might be better phrased "nature and nurture" because research shows that a person's health is the result of dynamic interactions between genes and the environment. For example, both genetics and lifestyle factorssuch as diet, physical activity, and stressaffect high blood pressure risk. NIDA research has led to discoveries about how a person's surroundings affect drug use in particular.

For example, a community that provides healthy after-school activities has been shown to reduce vulnerability to drug addiction, and data show that access to exercise can discourage drug-seeking behavior, an effect that is more pronounced in males than in females.1-3

Studies suggest that an animal's drug use can be affected by that of its cage mate,4, 5 showing that some social influences can enhance risk or protection. In addition, exposure to drugs or stress in a person's social or cultural environment can alter both gene expression and gene function, which, in some cases, may persist throughout a persons life. Research also suggests that genes can play a part in how a person responds to his or her environment, placing some people at higher risk for disease than others.

Scientists doing genetics research have collected millions of data points ("big data") that could be of use to other scientists. However, different software systems and measurement formats have made sharing data sets difficult. NIH has created the Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) program to support the research and development of innovative and transformative approaches and tools to help scientists use big data and data science in their research(https://commonfund.nih.gov/bd2k). When the data can be combined and harmonized, a process called data integration, the chances of identifying new genetic information that could give rise to new disease insights is amplified.

Epigenetics is the study of functional, and sometimes inherited, changes in the regulation of gene activity and expression that are not dependent on gene sequence.6 "Epi-" itself means "above" or "in addition to." Environmental exposures or choices people make can actually "mark"or remodelthe structure of DNA at the cell level or even at the level of the whole organism. So, although each cell type in the human body effectively contains the same genetic information, epigenetic regulatory systems enable the development of different cell types (e.g., skin, liver, or nerve cells) in response to the environment. These epigenetic marks can affect health and even the expression of the traits passed to children. For example, when a person uses cocaine, it can mark the DNA, increasing the production of proteins common in addiction. Increased levels of these altered proteins correspond with drug-seeking behaviors in animals.

Histones, as another example, are like protein spools that provide an organizational structure for genes. Genes coil around histones, tightening or loosening to control gene expression. Drug exposure can affect specific histones, modifying gene expression in localized brain regions.7 Science has shown that manipulation of histone-modifying enzymes and binding proteins may have promise in treating substance use disorders.8-10

The development of multidimensional data sets that include and integrate genetic and epigenetic information provide unique insights into the molecular genetic processes underlying the causes and consequences of drug addiction. Studying and using these data types to identify biological factors involved in substance misuse is increasingly important because technologic advances have improved the ability of researchers to single out individual genes or brain processes that may inform new prevention and treatment interventions.

An international group of over 100 scientists used a comprehensive database to collect information on smoking and alcohol use behaviors.They measured behaviors such as age when smoking was initiated, age when smoking cessation occurred, number of cigarettes per day, and drinks per week. The scientists then cross-checked those findings with life events (like years of education); physical characteristics (like heart rate or cholesterol level); and diseases suffered (such as mental illnesses, or Type 2 diabetes). The investigators correlated those results with specific genes suspected in various types of substance use. Theyfound12 that there were over 400 locations in the genome and at least 566 variants within these locations that influence smoking or alcohol use, bringing science closer to identifying clusters of genes that could play a part in addiction. The study even identified new genes and functions not expected to be important in addiction.Three of the genetic locations (identified as CUL3, PDE4B, PTGER3) mapped to all of the smoking and alcohol phenotypes measured.

Clinicians often find substantial variability in how individual patients respond to treatment. Part of that variability is due to genetics. Genes influence the numbers and types of receptors in peoples brains, how quickly their bodies metabolize drugs, and how well they respond to different medications. Learning more about the genetic, epigenetic, and neurobiological bases of addiction will eventually advance the science of addiction.

Scientists will be able to translate this knowledge into new treatments directed at specific targets in the brain or to treatment approachescalled pharmacogenomics. This emerging science promises to harness the power of genomic information to improve treatments for addiction by tailoring the treatment to the person's specific genetic makeup. This is called precision medicine. By knowing a person's genomic information, health care providers will be better equipped to match patients with the most suitable treatments and medication dosages, and to avoid or minimize adverse reactions.

The mission of the NIDA's Division of Neuroscience and Behavior (DNB) is to advance the science of drug use and addiction through basic and clinical biomedical neuroscience and behavioral research. The DNB's Genetics, Epigenetics, and Developmental Neuroscience Branch supports research on the genetics, epigenetics, and developmental mechanisms that underlie substance use, misuse, and addiction.

The DNB accomplishes its mission by developing and supporting an extramural research program that provides an understanding of the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms of drugs of abuse and its consequences. The research supported by DNB provides important fundamental information to prevent and/or intervene in drug use and addiction.

For more information about genetics and drug abuse, visit:

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Genetics and Epigenetics of Addiction DrugFacts | National Institute on ...

This article was originally published here

Curr Environ Health Rep. 2022 Jun 1. doi: 10.1007/s40572-022-00353-9. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Several environmental contaminants have been implicated as contributors to COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Immunomodulation and epigenetic regulation have been hypothesized as mediators of this relationship, but the precise underlying molecular mechanisms are not well-characterized. This review examines the evidence for epigenetic modification at the intersection of COVID-19 and environmental chemical exposures.

RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous environmental contaminants including air pollutants, toxic metal(loid)s, per- and polyfluorinated substances, and endocrine disrupting chemicals are hypothesized to increase susceptibility to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the risk of severe COVID-19, but few studies currently exist. Drawing on evidence that many environmental chemicals alter the epigenetic regulation of key immunity genes and pathways, we discuss how exposures likely perturb host antiviral responses. Specific mechanisms vary by contaminant but include general immunomodulation as well as regulation of viral entry and recognition, inflammation, and immunologic memory pathways, among others. Associations between environmental contaminants and COVID-19 are likely mediated, in part, by epigenetic regulation of key immune pathways involved in the host response to SARS-CoV-2.

PMID:35648356 | DOI:10.1007/s40572-022-00353-9

Link:
Epigenetics at the Intersection of COVID-19 Risk and Environmental Chemical Exposures - DocWire News

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Top Keyplayers in Global Epigenetics Market Report:

Illumina, Inc. (US), Merck KGaA (Germany), QIAGEN (Germany), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd (Switzerland), Eisai Co., Ltd. (Japan), Novartis AG (Switzerland), Abcam plc (UK), Diagenode s.a. (US), Active Motif, Inc. (US), Zymo Research Corporation. (US), Thermo Fisher Scientific (US), Cellcentric (Germany), Syndax (US), New England Biolabs (US), Epizyme, Inc. (US), Domainex (UK), Agilent Technologies, Inc. (US), PerkinElmer Inc. (US), Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. US), AsisChem Inc. (US), Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. (US), EpiGentek Group Inc. (US), BioVision Inc. (US), Bio-Techne. (US), Promega Corporation (US), GeneTex, Inc. (US), Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. (US)

Drivers

According to the World Health Organization, over 1.8 million newcancercases were identified worldwide in 2018. According to the World Health Organization, low- and middle-income nations have been accounted for about 70% of cancer deaths.

Organizations such as the International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the National Institute of Health (NIH) are pushing financing and support for epigenetics-related research and development and commercial development.

The number of academic, pharmaceutical, andbiotechnologybusinesses collaborating on epigenetics research is growing, as is the use of epigenetics in non-oncology disorders.

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Regional Analysis

U.S., Canada and Mexico in North America, Germany, France, U.K., Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia, Italy, Spain, Turkey, Rest of Europe in Europe, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Rest of Asia-Pacific (APAC) in the Asia-Pacific (APAC), Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, South Africa, Egypt, Israel, Rest of Middle East and Africa (MEA) as a part of Middle East and Africa (MEA), Brazil, Argentina and Rest of South America as part of South America.

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Highlights of TOC:

Chapter 1: Market overview

Chapter 2: Global Induction Global Epigenetics Market market analysis

Chapter 3: Regional analysis of the Induction Global Epigenetics Market industry

Chapter 4: Market segmentation based on types and applications

Chapter 5: Revenue analysis based on types and applications

Chapter 6: Market share

Chapter 7: Competitive Landscape

Chapter 8: Drivers, Restraints, Challenges, and Opportunities

Chapter 9: Gross Margin and Price Analysis

Goals and objectives of the Global Epigenetics Market Market Study

Understanding the opportunities and progress of Global Epigenetics Market Global Epigenetics Market market highlights, as well as key regions and countries involved in market growth.

Study the different segments of the Global Epigenetics Market market and the dynamics of Global Epigenetics Market in the market.

Categorize Global Epigenetics Market segments with increasing growth potential and evaluate the futuristic segment market

To analyze the most important trends related to the different segments that help to decipher and convince the Global Epigenetics Market market.

To verify region-specific growth and development in the Global Epigenetics Market market.

Understand the key stakeholders in the Global Epigenetics Market market and the value of the competitive image of the Global Epigenetics Market market leaders.

To study key plans, initiatives and strategies for the development of the Global Epigenetics Market market.

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Epigenetics Market is Growing Rapidly with Recent Demand, Trends, Development, Revenue and Forecast to 2029 The Greater Binghamton Business Journal -...

The detailed analysis of the global Epigenetics Instrument market delivers key insights on the changing industry dynamics, value chain analysis, leading investment pockets, competitive scenarios, regional landscape, and crucial segments. It also offers an extensive inspection related to the driving and restraining ingredients for the global Epigenetics Instrument market. Additionally, explains the superior data about the working strategies and growth prospects of the global Epigenetics Instrument market. This will help industry players, policymakers, stakeholders, investors, and new aspirants to grab innovative opportunities, uncover important strategies, and also accomplish a competitive edge in the global Epigenetics Instrument Industry.

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Vital Players covered in the Epigenetics Instrument Market report:

Illumina (US)Thermo Fisher (US)Diagenode (Belgium)QIAGEN (Netherlands)Merck Millipore (US)Abcam (UK)Active Motif (US)New England Biolabs (US)Agilent (US)Zymo Research (US)PerkinElmer (US)Bio-Rad (US)

Product Types of the Epigenetics Instrument market are as follows:

Next-generation SequencersqPCR InstrumentsMass SpectrometersSonicatorsOther

Key Applications included in the Epigenetics Instrument market:

OncologyMetabolic DiseasesDevelopmental BiologyImmunologyCardiovascular DiseasesOther

Regional analysis of the Epigenetics Instrument market:

North America Market(United States, Canada, North American country and Mexico),Europe Market (Germany, Epigenetics Instrument France, UK, Russia and Italy),Asia-Pacific Market (China, Epigenetics Instrument Japan and Korea, Asian nation, India and Southeast Asia),South America Market (Brazil, Argentina, Republic of Colombia etc.),Middle East & Africa Market (Saudi Arabian Peninsula, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

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Global Epigenetics Instrument Market 2022 Covid 19 Impact on Top countries data |Illumina, Thermo Fisher, Diagenode The Greater Binghamton Business...

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Biomarkers Market - Global Outlook & Forecast 2022-2027" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The global biomarkers market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 11.44%.

In-depth Analysis and Data-driven Insights on the Vendor Landscape, Competitive Analysis, and Critical Market Strategies are Included in this Global Biomarkers Market Report.

Biomarkers are increasingly useful tools to predict prognosis and response to therapy in cancer patients. Furthermore, it allows to improve understanding of mechanisms of action and resistance to treatment.

GLOBAL BIOMARKERS MARKET SEGMENTATION

Oncology dominated the indication segment because biomarkers are being largely used for cancer research and diagnostics due to its high prevalence worldwide. Biomarkers in the field of oncology has revolutionized the diagnostics and treatment pathways.

Diagnostics dominated the application segment. However, the application of biomarkers in drug discovery & development is expected to grow significantly during the forecast period because biomarkers studies is expected to become an integral part of the drug development process with the aim of developing more effective drugs at a lower cost

Diagnostic biomarker dominated the type of segment as diagnostic biomarker studies have entered a new era where it holds promise for early diagnosis and effective treatment of many diseases.

GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

North America dominated the geography because biomarkers have been in use highly for diagnostic purposes, drug discovery & development, and precision medicine. The increase in R&D expenditures and fundings for biomarker-driven drug discovery & development and precision medicine is one of the major driving factors in all the regions.

APAC is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR of 13.96% during the forecast period. Increasing developments and incorporation of advanced technologies to enhance the biomarker-based testing and increasing demand for biomarkers in drug development and personalized medicine are one of the primary factors in the region.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

Increased Adoption of Biomarkers in Personalized Medicine is driving the global biomarkers market growth. As many healthcare settings have gained interest in personalized/precision medicine, many vendors have increased the studies focusing on identifying biomarkers to provide healthcare system solutions to them.

Increasing focus on digital biomarkers will also drive the global Currently, several digital biomarkers are being tested for feasibility and reliability in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and clinical outcome assessments.

Increasing discovery of epigenetic biomarkers for oncology is also driving the biomarker technologies market. There are more emerging companies increasing their research & development focus on discovering more epigenetics to diagnose various types of cancers.

Technological Advancements in Biomarker Discovery are also positively impacting the biomarkers diagnostics industry. For instance, a recent development in portable biosensors allows rapid, accurate, and on-site detection of biomarkers, which helps prevent disease spread by controlling sources.

VENDOR ANALYSIS

Multiple companies partnering and investing in biomarkers research and development will help the companies to innovate new drugs and reduce the economic burden.

Key Vendors

Other Prominent Vendors

Key Topics Covered:

1 Research Methodology

2 Research Objectives

3 Research Process

4 Scope & Coverage

4.1 Market Definition

4.1.1 Inclusions

4.1.2 Exclusions

4.1.3 Market Estimation Caveats

4.2 Base Year

4.3 Scope of the Study

4.4 Market Segments

4.4.1 Market Segmentation by Indication

4.4.2 Market Segmentation by Application

4.4.3 Market Segmentation by Type

4.4.5 Market Segmentation by Geography

5 Report Assumptions & Caveats

5.1 Key Caveats

5.2 Currency Conversion

5.3 Market Derivation

6 Market at a Glance

7 Introduction

7.1 Overview

8 Market Opportunities & Trends

8.1 Increased Adoption of Biomarkers in Personalized Medicine

8.2 Increasing Focus on Digital Biomarkers

8.3 Increased Discovery of Epigenetic Biomarkers in Oncology

9 Market Growth Enablers

9.1 Increase in the Number of Pipeline Biomarkers

9.2 Rising Adoption of Biomarkers in Disease Diagnostics

9.3 Technological Advancements in Biomarker Discovery

10 Market Restraints

10.1 High Cost and Time-Consuming Development

10.2 High Number of False Discoveries

10.3 Strict Regulations and Ethics for Biomarker Validation & Qualification

11 Market Landscape

11.1 Market Overview

11.2 Market Size & Forecast

11.2.1 Insights by Indication

11.2.2 Insights by Application

11.2.3 Insights by Type

11.2.4 Insights by Geography

11.3 Five Forces Analysis

12 Indication

12.1 Market Snapshot & Growth Engine

12.2 Market Overview

12.3 Oncology

12.4 Cardiology

12.5 Neurology

12.6 Immunology

12.7 Others

13 Application

13.1 Market Snapshot & Growth Engine

13.2 Market Overview

13.3 Diagnostics

13.4 Drug Discovery & Development

13.5 Personalized Medicine

13.6 Others

14 Type

14.1 Market Snapshot & Growth Engine

14.2 Market Overview

14.3 Diagnostic Biomarkers

14.4 Monitoring Biomarkers

14.5 Prognostic Biomarkers

14.6 Predictive Biomarkers

14.7 Susceptibility Biomarkers

14.8 Other Biomarkers

15 Geography

15.1 Market Snapshot & Growth Engine

15.2 Geographic Overview

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Global Biomarkers Market Outlook & Forecast 2022-2027: Increase In Number of Pipeline Biomarkers & Rising Adoption of Biomarkers In Disease...

Part II of the Out of Despair series

EDITOR'S NOTE: The video above contains graphic images that may not be suitable for all audiences. Viewer discretion is advised.

By Betty Halliburton

The tragic murder of George Floyd two years ago, as the COVID-19 pandemic was accelerating, brought renewed focus to racial and health inequities in the U.S.

Northeast Ohio scholars and researchers say, however, that part of the reason it is such a difficult problem to address is that the historic racial wounds remain buried but not resolved.

We haven't addressed the trauma post-George Floyd nor have most of us addressed it from 400 years, said Angela Neal-Barnett, psychological sciences professor at Kent State University.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, trauma is an experience that is emotionally painful, distressful and shocking. It is also rarely discussed in African American communities.

When you think about slavery, trauma, being separated from families, and what the ancestors of African Americans survived, their experience was something that got translated all the way down 400 generations, said Dr. Seema Patel, staff physician at Cleveland Clinics Center for Functional Medicine.

Trauma just went from one generation to the next generation, Dr. Patel said.

We look at the Holocaust victims and that has been well studied. We have not looked at African Americans who are descendants of slaves and the trauma that comes from that, she said.

Intergenerational trauma has been passed down from slavery

People captured in Africa were enslaved and packed tightly on top of each other into ships for the trip to the Americas, said Donna M. Whyte, Black Studies professor at Cleveland State University.

What I always think about is just the sway of the ship on the ocean and people lying down and their bodies chaffed, or even having to eat, having to eliminate all of this in the same space, Whyte said. So, it's understandable how so many people had diseases. They became ill, many died, and they also resisted.

1619 marked the arrival of the first recorded Africans in English North America after the long journey across the ocean called the Middle Passage.

I would be surprised if not every single person who endured [enslavement] had post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result, said Monica Williams, a sought-after expert on racial trauma.

Williams who is a clinical psychologist, researcher and author from the University of Ottawa noted that racism is long, wide and deep.

It started from the very beginning when Black people were enslaved. To rationalize, enslaving another human being, this system was invented whereby there's white people and then everybody else who has less value, Williams said.

Many African Americans are dealing with transgenerational trauma, also known as intergenerational trauma. It can show up biologically, socially, mentally, and emotionally, experts said.

And it was never discussed. And it was never talked about. It just went from one generation to the next, she said.

We have looked at everything from reconstruction to Jim Crow to civil rights, and in that fight, in that struggle becomes stress and trauma, Akron Universitys Neal-Barnett said.

High rates of disease are connected to trauma and racism

Racism actually contributes to a lot of the healthcare disparities that we see in the area of medicine known as epigenetics, said Dr. Charles Modlin, a urologist and the medical director of inclusion, diversity and equity at MetroHealth.

Our bodies can be altered in terms of how our bodies interpret or express our genes, which can lead to higher rates of a lot of the diseases, Dr. Modlin said. And we see higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

In addition to physical ailments, Black people are also experiencing mental health issues related to racism and stress, said Neal-Barnett.

Our inability to address that trauma affects our mental health, which affects our physical health, she said.

The more racism you experience, the worse, your mental health, the worse, your physical health, and for many reasons. Dr. Williams said.

Both Williams and Neal-Barnett agree that more people of color should be trained and sent into the communities to bring more awareness about trauma and other mental health issues in places like barbershops, beauty salons and churches.

The healing begins when we talk about our trauma and realize that if it happened to you, it probably happened to someone in your family, your mother, your great grandmother and getting the help necessary is also vitally important, Neal-Barnett said.

This story is part of Connecting the Dots between Race and Health, a project of Ideastream Public Media funded by The Dr. Donald J. Goodman and Ruth Weber Goodman Philanthropic Fund of The Cleveland Foundation.

Originally posted here:
Many African Americans face unresolved trauma of racism and enslavement; It's affecting their health - ideastream