Monthly Archives: March 2022

Capsida Biotherapeutics Announces Appointment of Rayne Waller to Chief Operating Officer – PR Newswire

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:15 am

"Throughout his career, Rayne has demonstrated strong leadership in multiple roles across the globe, including most recently as chief manufacturing officer leading the development of our state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Thousand Oaks," said Peter Anastasiou, president and CEO of Capsida. "Rayne's appointment to COO will ensure Capsida achieves its goal of moving our technology from the lab and to patients, and will help Capsida realize the promise of gene therapy."

"I'm honored to take on the role of COO at Capsida, a company that always puts patients first," said Mr. Waller. "Throughout my career in the biotechnology industry, I've worked to focus on the end goal of bringing therapies to patients who have no other options. As COO, I look forward to working with the Capsida leadership team and our board to bring the promise of gene therapy to life."

Gene therapy is still in its infancy and has yet to achieve its full potential. Capsida's proprietary, targeted, non-invasive gene therapy technology allows more selective targeting of specific tissues and cells, overcoming many of the problems associated with first-generation gene therapies, specifically off-target cell and organ activity. In addition, it allows the gene therapy to be delivered non-invasively through intravenous administration.

Prior to joining Capsida, Mr. Waller spent 27 years at Amgen in increasing roles of responsibility across manufacturing and supply-chain management. His most recent roles at Amgen included vice president and site head for Amgen's largest manufacturing site in Puerto Rico, vice president of regional manufacturing, responsible for overseeing site operations for manufacturing facilities in Ireland and The Netherlands, and vice president of global supply-chain management with responsibility for contract manufacturing, global supply management, operations strategic planning, and risk management.

Mr. Waller holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Arizona.

About Capsida Biotherapeutics

Capsida Biotherapeutics Inc. is an industry-leading gene therapy platform company creating a new class of targeted, non-invasive gene therapies for patients with debilitating and life-threatening genetic disorders. Capsida's technology allows for the targeted penetration of cells and organs, while limiting collateral impact on non-targeted cells and organs, especially the liver. This technology allows for the delivery of the gene therapy in a non-invasive way through intravenous administration. Capsida's technology is protected by a growing intellectual property portfolio which includes more than 30 patent applications and one issued U.S. patent 11,149,256. The company is exploring using the technology across a broad range of rare and more common genetic disorders. Its initial pipeline consists of multiple neurologic disease programs. The company has strategic collaborations with AbbVie and CRISPR, which provide independent validation of Capsida's technology and capabilities. Capsida is a multi-functional and fully integrated biotechnology company with proprietary adeno-associated virus (AAV) engineering, multi-modality cargo development and optimization, translational biology, process development and state-of-the-art manufacturing, and broad clinical development experience. Capsida's biologically driven, high-throughput AAV engineering and cargo optimization platform originated from groundbreaking research in the laboratory of Viviana Gradinaru, Ph.D., a neuroscience professor at the California Institute of Technology. Visit us atwww.capsida.comto learn more.

SOURCE Capsida Biotherapeutics

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Bio-Techne – Exceptional Leverage To Biopharma Growth, And Priced Accordingly – Seeking Alpha

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:15 am

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You don't go to the leading edge of life sciences/bioproduction looking for bargains, as the strong growth and margins available to companies facilitating the rapid growth of new biologic treatment options like gene and cell therapies have fueled strong share price performance (and multiples) for larger, better-known companies like Danaher (DHR) and Thermo Fisher (TMO), as well as smaller players like Bio-Techne (NASDAQ:TECH).

I find a lot to like in Bio-Techne's leverage to cell and gene therapy-enabling products like GMP protein production and non-viral gene editing, as well as its leverage to life sciences/bioproduction research tools, spatial biology, and molecular diagnostics. I don't find nearly as much to like in the valuation, but stocks like these are a "you either get it, or you don't" sort of proposition where you're basically betting that the underlying growth of the market and the company's strategic decisions will eventually lead to enough revenue and profit growth down the line to redeem an eye-watering valuation today.

Through both M&A and leveraging internal manufacturing capabilities grounded in a long history of producing proteomic research reagents, Bio-Techne has built a business segment to leverage the exceptional underlying growth potential in cell and gene therapies over the coming years.

Bio-Techne's offerings include Cloudz cell activation kits that use non-magnetic beads to separate and activate cells, the TcBuster non-viral gene editing platform, and its GMP proteins, as well as complementary tools in spatial biology and immunocytochemistry. All told, management has sized its opportunity in CGT at over $3B today, growing at over 20%, and the company only has a small low-single-digit market share today.

GMP proteins are a major thematic driver right now, growing 180% in the fourth quarter and helping drive 80%-plus growth overall for the Cell and Gene Therapy (or CGT) business. GMP proteins are proteins produced in dedicated facilities and in accordance with strict quality management guidelines, ensuring biological activity, purity, and batch-to-batch consistency.

These proteins are not used directly in therapies (they're not infused or injected into patients), but they're used to produce cell and gene therapies that are practically in their infancy. As such, I think a handy shortcut for readers is to think of them as consumables used in the development and manufacture of cell and gene therapies like Novartis' (NVS) Kymriah (CAR-T) and Zolgensma (gene therapy).

Management recently opened a new GMP protein manufacturing facility and the ramp of commercial operations there should drive meaningful growth for several quarters, with the business scaling from around $30M to over $200M over the next several years. In addition to ramping up this facility, management has already started talking of broadening the business into GMP antibodies and media, as well as RNA and DNA products. As an aside, Bio-Techne tried to acquire Aldevron, a manufacturer of GMP-grade plasmid DNA, mRNA, and proteins back in 2021 but lost out to Danaher.

Bio-Techne's CGT operations are the "sizzle" today, but there's plenty of steak behind it. While the company's legacy proteomic reagents and diagnostics (calibrators and controls) operations aren't particularly sexy, they are still growing at a mid-single-digit clip and they generate good cash flow for the business.

Beyond this are interesting opportunities in analytical instrumentation, spatial biology, and molecular diagnostics.

The Analytical Solutions business is growing at a double-digit rate for Bio-Techne, with the company leveraging growing demand for automation in the lab. The Simple Western is the only automated tool for western blotting, a technique that identifies specific proteins in a sample and can require hours of hands-on time. The Maurice platform automates protein profiling while Ella, a benchtop immunoassay platform, can be used in a range of applications like monitoring cytokine storms (in CAR-T recipients or COVID-19 patients) and detecting impurities in finished biologics production runs.

Bio-Techne's Advanced Cell Diagnostics business offers RNAscope and DNAscope, and an in-situ RNA/DNA hybridization platform that detects target RNA or DNA within a single cell without disturbing the tissue morphology. This allows users to examine biomarker status, structural variation, and so on, and is useful in a range of applications from cancer diagnostics to ensuring whether reprogrammed T-cells for CAR-T are expressing the intended antigen receptors.

In molecular diagnostics, Bio-Techne hasn't seen the hoped-for adoption of its ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore liquid biopsy for prostate cancer (a rule-out test after ambiguous PSA results), but reimbursement has improved and post-pandemic normalization of office visits should drive more use. Beyond this, though, the company is building out a broader portfolio of biomarker-based screening products that can address a range of diseases/conditions, with a particular focus on genetic carrier screening and oncology diagnostics.

All told, Bio-Techne is targeting markets with combined addressable revenue of over $15 billion a year, including high-growth areas like analytical research tools, cell/gene therapy, spatial biology, liquid biopsy, and molecular diagnostics. Given that cell and gene therapies are practically in their infancy (or at least early toddlerhood), I see significant growth opportunities in tools and consumables that facilitate research and production, and I think Bio-Techne has a good starting position today.

I also doubt that the company is anywhere close to done with its M&A program. More than a decade ago, I followed Bio-Techne (then Techne) as a sell-side analyst, and the change in the company since then has been remarkable. Much of that change can be tied to a change in management and operating philosophy (actively targeting growth), but M&A has played a key enabling role, including deals for Asuragen (diagnostics kitting), B-MoGen (TcBuster gene editing), Quad Technologies (Cloudz), Exosome, CyVek (Ella) and ProteinSimple (automated equipment, including Simple Western).

Most recently, the company announced an unusual deal for Wilson Wolf, the manufacturer of G-Rex bioreactors (used to grow/produce proteins or cells like T-cells in volume). Bio-Techne isn't buying the company today but now has the option to buy 20% when the company reaches $100M in revenue and the whole company at $225M in revenue (or $135M in EBITDA), as well as another option if those targets aren't reached. No definitive terms have been reached, but at $225M in revenue, it seems likely that the deal would cost over $2B.

I'm looking for high-teens annualized revenue growth over the next decade and EBITDA margin expansion to over 42% in 2024 (as well as long-term FCF margins in the high 20%s), but those targets don't really matter. I don't think there's any way to derive a bottoms-up fair value that will look attractive today, though comparative analysis to other high-growth life sciences/bioproduction names suggests a current EV/forward revenue of around 16.5x isn't completely unprecedented (Danaher paid 17.6x forward revenue for Aldevron).

Investing in highly-valued "hyper-growth" stocks has never really been in my wheelhouse; I've done it and made money doing it, but I'm always reluctant to make "forget the valuation and buy it'll all work out eventually" recommendations to others. I do like Bio-Techne's leverage to growth in bioproduction generally and cell/gene therapy research and production more specifically, but this is definitely not a stock for investors who can't accept high risk.

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Ixaka Expands IP Portfolio to Enable Use of Targeted Nanoparticle in vivo Gene Delivery Technology With Any Cargo in Any Therapeutic Area – Business…

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:15 am

LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Ixaka Ltd, an integrated cell and gene therapy company, today announces an expansion of its IP portfolio to allow a broad range of applications for its polymeric targeted nanoparticle (TNP) gene delivery platform across multiple therapeutic areas. The extended IP enables the development of therapies encapsulating any cargo including mRNA, plasmids and adenovirus associated virus (AAV), and gene editing technologies as well as lentiviral vector-based therapies.

Ixakas TNP composed of proprietary polymer capsule (OM-PBAE polymers (oligopeptide end-modified poly -amino-ester polymers)) directed to specific cells through targeting agents attached the capsule (an aptamer-based targeting moiety) and cell targeted efficient transduction (use of lentiviral vector cell specific promoter). This targeting enables the targeted nanoparticles to be directed to specific cells allowing beneficial gene transduction to occur directly within a patients body. The technology is currently being applied as a gene delivery platform to generate CAR T-cell therapies in vivo for haematological malignancies, with the potential for improved efficacy and safety compared to similar products currently marketed or in development. The expanded IP allows for a broad range of cargos to be encapsulated providing greater flexibility to engineer new therapies which are optimized to specific diseases.

A new agreement extends the use of its OM-PBAE polymers for encapsulation of a broad range of cargos for use in any therapeutic area including mRNA, plasmids, and any other vectors in addition to lentiviral vectors and AAV.

The extension of the license agreement opens the door to expansion of Ixakas TNP platform, enabling the use of OM-PBAE polymers capsules to be used for delivery of numerous cargos with the choice of genetic modification technology tailored for each disease. Potential applications include drug delivery for oligonucleotides such as DNA, RNA and siRNA, plasmids, small molecules, and gene editing using tools such as CRISPRCas9, zinc finger or megaTALS enabling Ixaka to broaden its therapeutic pipeline.

Joe Dupere, CEO at Ixaka, commented:

This IP agreement further strengthens Ixakas rapidly growing IP portfolio, highlighting the pioneering nature and broad potential of our targeted nanoparticle technology. The platform is already showing great potential in generating CAR-T cells in vivo for CD19 blood cancers. With an array of other possible applications, we will now be seeking collaborations for our future pipeline, which could encompass solid tumours, rare genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, broader immunotherapy applications, gene editing, immunodiagnostics and vaccines.

IP portfolio overview

Building a robust and broad IP portfolio is at the heart of Ixakas development strategy. The Companys ongoing R&D and upcoming clinical data will allow filing of additional patent applications across multiple territories.

Ixakas current IP portfolio contains 1 patent family for its multi-cell therapy platform and 11 patent families for its TNP platform, covering all key components of the technology, including a proprietary polymer, bald engineered lentiviral vector, T-cell specific promoter and aptamer-based targeting agent. The portfolio also provides protection across a wide geographic range (including Europe, the US, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, India, Korea, Japan, Australia).

The patent is for products developed under a licence agreement between Ixaka (previously aratinga.bio), Sagetis Biotech (Sagetis) and universities (Institut Quimic de Sarria CETS Fundacio Privada and Institut dInvestigacions Biomediques).

About Ixaka

Ixaka is a cell and gene therapy company focused on using the natural powers of the body to cure disease.

Ixakas proprietary technologies enhance the naturally therapeutic power of cells by increasing the presence of curative cells at the site of disease, or by directly modifying cells within the body to improve disease targeting and boost their restorative effect.

Ixakas technologies concentrated multi-cell therapies and nanoparticle therapeutics demonstrate potential for the treatment of a broad range of serious diseases across oncology, cardiovascular, neurological and ocular diseases, and genetic disorders.

Ixaka has offices in London, UK with R&D and manufacturing operations in Seville, Spain and Paris, France and additional manufacturing capability in Frankfurt, Germany.

For more information, please visit http://www.ixaka.com

Connect with us: Twitter: https://twitter.com/Ixaka_Ltd ; LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/ixaka-limited

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Product approvals and unmet treatment needs expected to widen interest in AMD – Pharmaceutical Technology

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:15 am

Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) has recently witnessed a series of approvals thanks to a degree of product differentiation, and this has drawn enthusiasm from multiple stakeholders in the field. This interest is expected to be widened with the anticipated approvals of more products, particularly biosimilars. Despite this, a lack of treatment options for other sub-types of the disease means that opportunities are still available for pharmaceutical companies to make a difference to patients affected by AMD.

Product differentiation has been a key strategy employed by companies whose products have recently received approvals for wAMD. Consider for example Roches Susvimo (ranibizumab), which received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in October last year. Patients implanted with Susvimo are expected to visit their doctor only twice yearly to have the implant refilled so that the medicine can be delivered to their eyes continuously. That represents a significant alleviation of treatment burden when compared with the current standards of care such as Lucentis (ranibizumab), Eylea (aflibercept) and Beovu (brolucizumab), which need to be administered more frequently.

Vabysmo (faricimab), also from Roche, received FDA approval in January this year for wAMD and for diabetic macular oedema. This therapy is administered every four weeks for the first four doses, following which, depending on the results of optical coherence tomography and visual acuity evaluations, there is potential for the frequency of administration to be reduced to as few as twice a year, resulting in a lower cost of treatment compared to standard of care. While it remains to be seen to what extent these new therapies will be commercially successful, being associated with lesser frequency of administration already makes such therapies an attractive option for patients and physicians in this field.

Looking ahead, anticipated launches of new biosimilars and innovator molecules are expected to widen interest in the field of AMD. According to GlobalDatas Pharmaceutical Intelligence Centre (PIC), there are currently 15 products in late-stage development exclusively for wAMD in the seven major markets (7MM: the US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, UK and Japan). Five of these are aflibercept biosimilars and four are ranibizumab biosimilars. While both groups of biosimilars are expected to directly target patient shares from their branded counterparts, Eylea (aflibercept) and Lucentis (ranibizumab), the latter two also face threats from innovator molecules including RGX-314 from RegenxBio and AbbVie. This is a gene therapy that has the potential to be used as a one-time treatment option for patients with wAMD and, if approved, has the potential to disrupt current market dynamics for this sub-type of AMD.

In addition, there are gaps that exist in the market, particularly for therapies that can help patients with dry AMD and geographic atrophy, for which there are currently no approved therapies available. According to GlobalDatas PIC, there are three therapies in late-stage development for geographic atrophy: Alkeus Pharmaceuticals ALK-001, Apellis Pharmaceuticals pegcetacoplan, and IVERIC bios avacincaptad pegol sodium. Dobecure SLs therapy ethamsylate is also in development for both dry AMD (dAMD) and wAMD. It remains to be seen, however, how effective these therapies will be in addressing the disease at an earlier stage, as it is crucial to treat these diseases before they progress further.

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Revolutionary Oxygen Healing Therapy Now Available in Florida – Digital Journal

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:14 am

The new non-invasive treatment involves the provision of a spacious, pressurized oxygen chamber that delivers pure oxygen, stimulating the release of stem cells that regenerate blood vessels and tissues

March 23, 2022 A new oxygen healing therapy is now available at one of the top wellness and drug rehab centers in Florida. House of Freedom is dedicated to providing individualized care in a safe and compassionate environment. They ensure patients maintain the highest level of physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being with the latest in healing and recovery technology.

Oxygen Healing is a new therapy shown to be effective in the treatment of multiple disorders such as migraines, PTSD, ADHD, autoimmune disease, depression, and anxiety. Our bodies need adequate oxygen to function, but when any part is injured, it requires even more oxygen to repair and survive. The process involves exposing the body to pure oxygen at a pressure that is greater than that found in our environment. The oxygen then stimulates the release of substances like growth factors and stem cells, which can then regenerate blood vessels and create new tissue. At the same time, it can significantly reduce swelling and inflammation and relieve the pain associated with tissue damage. Thats why this breakthrough treatment also speeds up recovery in those with an alcohol or drug addiction.

While the Orlando-based substance abuse center primarily attends to patients struggling with addiction, it has however revealed that it will extend its oxygen healing therapy to accommodate patients suffering from all kinds of illnesses and injuries, including those not related to drug abuse or alcohol addiction.

Aside from the new hyperbaric oxygen healing therapy, the substance abuse center provides a combination of brain imaging studies (brain SPECT), neurotransmitter tests, DNA tests, nutritional plans, physical conditioning, blood tests, and sleep quality studies.

In addition to outpacing other fellow clinics in the space with its impressive integration of top technologically driven solutions, the leading substance abuse rehab in Kissimmee is one of the first clinics in the east coast to offer this type of hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Were proud to be one of the first to introduce Oxygen Healing to our community. We believe this further reaffirms our commitment to providing only the best treatment solutions and sets the pace for other centers like us to follow.

House of Freedom has over 20 years of experience offering a multi-faceted therapeutic approach to addiction ranging from prevention to intervention and aftercare for individuals suffering from substance abuse.

The professional treatment center is run by an experienced team of doctors, technicians, therapists, fitness and nutrition coaches, and even former addicts with real success stories who possess a first-hand understanding of the challenging road to recovery and are personally vested in the continued progress of all their patients. Tambien cuentan con personal que habla Espaol en este Centro de Rehabilitacin de Drogas.

Anyone seeking more information regarding House of Freedom can reach out to the center via the contact info below.

Media ContactCompany Name: House of FreedomContact Person: Orlando Vargas, Director of Research DevelopmentEmail: Send EmailAddress:2311 North Orange Blossom Trail City: KissimmeeState: FL 34744Country: United StatesWebsite: https://houseoffreedom.com/

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Houston teen first in Texas to become own donor to reverse sickle cell anemia – FOX 26 Houston

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:13 am

Houston teen first in Texas to become own donor to reverse sickle cell anemia

Here's a huge advancement in treating sickle cell disease! A teen patient at Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center in Houston is the first patient in Texas to become her own donor to reverse her rare blood disorder.

HOUSTON - 17-year-old Helen Ndku has been suffering severe pain from sickle cell disease her whole life. The first major crisis, when she was only one year old.

"She actually died in my hands, and we called the ambulance," remembers Helen's mother Enita Odofin. "She came back to life, we went to the hospital, but she died there again, before they brought her back to life."

RELATED: Teen cowboy dies on horse but is brought back to life

Helen's life was spared, but her pain wasn't.

"When I was little, I remember times where I'd be in the middle of class, and I just started crying because I was in so much pain. I remember not being in school very often. Going home a lot," explains Helen. "I just remember crying, I cried really hard. It's a pain that goes everywhere. It's kind of like needles, maybe bricks, just stacked on top of you squeezing sometimes pulling? I don't know. Yes, it just feels like your body's decaying in the worst ways possible."

Sickle cell anemia can affect anyone; however, it mostly affects African Americans, followed by Hispanics.

"There's a single genetic mutation that causes the red blood cells, the cells in the body to deliver oxygen to become inflexible," says Dr. Tami John. "Under stress, they will stick like create kind of a sickle C shape, and those themselves then get stuck in small blood vessels throughout the body and cause things like the significant pain. They cause organ damage."

Dr. John is a Pediatric Hematologist-Oncologist who specializes in stem cell transplants at Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, as well as an Assistant Professor at Baylor College of Medicine. She's heading the clinical trial for sickle cell.

Until now, there was only one treatment option for children with sickle cell, but it only helped manage the condition and still often required monthly blood transfusions.

But now, a possible cure is on the horizon and many families and researchers are watching and waiting to see how it works for Helen.

"She's the very first patient at the Texas Medical Center to receive gene modification therapy. There have been others and on this particular clinical trial. There are about 50 other people with sickle cell disease who have received this therapy. She is the first in the Texas Medical Center and the first in Texas, as well as one of the youngest patients," says Dr. John.

RELATED: Toddler paralyzed by rare Guillain-Barr Syndrome still recovering

Helen had her doubts at first. "I didn't have hope for it to be honest. I thought it was a lost cause," explains Helen.

However, she agreed to go for it!

Siblings often act as a stem cell donor, but that wasn't an option for Helen.

"What we were able to do was take stem cells from Helen and take those to a lab where a scientist modified those cells with a new gene, we inserted a new gene and then we were able to give those stem cells back to her and watch them grow and they produced new hemoglobin," explains Dr. John.

It takes one year to find out the results, and it has now been a year for Helen.

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"From everything we've seen, she has no evidence of sickle cell disease. She clinically has changed. She's been able to stop all of her chronic pain medications and really start to engage in everyday activities that for years and years, she just wasn't able to do. The concept of a cure is still under discussion in the medical community about gene therapies. Clinically, her symptoms have resolved," exclaims Dr. John.

Because she feels well for the first time ever, Helen just learned how to ride a bike. She can finally sit up straight for longer than an hour, plus she can walk and exercise for the first time.

Helen has more hope than ever but is still adjusting to what it feels like to be pain-free.

"I think it's strange. It's not it's not normal to me to like, not be sick all the time, so it's like foreign land, I don't know how to conquer it yet, but I'm working on it," says Helen. "She's amazing, it's night and day for me," says her smiling mom.

While about 50 other patients have also undergone this procedure, it's still in clinical trials, but doctors believe this could brighten the future of many patients with sickle cell.

"This is a huge breakthrough to be able to discuss and share with patients I think it can be life changing, as we've seen, and the hope is we see it become more and more available," says Dr. John.

RELATED: Couple from Alabama seeks life-saving care for twins at Texas Childrens Hospital

Helen never imagined she'd be well enough to go to college. Now she's doing so well, she may even go out-of-state to her favorite school of choice.

Click here for more information on Texas Children's Sickle Cell Program.

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Oleic Acid, a Key to Activating the Brains Fountain of Youth – Neuroscience News

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:13 am

Summary: Oleic acid produced in the brain is an essential regulator of processes that enable memory, learning, and mood regulation. Oleic acid, which is abundant in olive oil, also promoted neurogenesis and increases cell proliferation.

Source: Baylor College of Medicine

Many people dread experiencing the cognitive and mood declines that often accompany reaching an advanced age, including memory disorders such as Alzheimers disease and mood conditions like depression.

While searching for new ways to prevent or treat these and other related conditions, a team at Baylor College of Medicine and the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute (Duncan NRI) at Texas Childrens Hospital identified a missing piece of the puzzle of how memory and mood are sustained and regulated in the brain.

Their study, published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, reveals that oleic acid produced in thebrainis an essential regulator of the process that enables learning and memory and supports proper mood regulation. The finding has paved the path to discovering potential new therapeutic strategies to counteract cognitive and mood decline in patients with neurological disorders.

Years ago, scientists thought that the adult mammalian brain was not able to repair and regenerate. But research has shown that somebrain regionshave the capacity of generating new neurons, a process called neurogenesis.

The hippocampus region of the adult mammalian brain has the ongoing capacity to form new neurons, to repair and regenerate itself, enabling learning and memory and mood regulation during the adult life, said co-corresponding author Dr. Mirjana Maletic-Savatic, associate professor of pediatrics-neurology at Baylor and Texas Childrens and an investigator at the Duncan NRI.

Ever since neurogenesis was discovered, it has been envisioned as the fountain of youth. But, with increasing age, in certain diseases or after exposure to certain drugs or insults, neurogenesis decreases and this has been associated withcognitive declineand depression.

In this study, the team searched for a way to tap into the fountain of youth, to reignite the process of neurogenesis to prevent its decline or restore it.

We knew that neurogenesis has a master regulator, a protein withinneural stem cellscalled TLX that is a major player in the birth of new neurons. We however did not know what stimulated TLX to do that. Nobody knew how to activate TLX, said co-corresponding author Dr. Damian Young, associate professor of pharmacology andchemical biologyand of pathology at Baylor and Texas Childrens and member of Baylors Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center.

We discovered that a common fatty acid called oleic acid binds to TLX and this increasescell proliferationand neurogenesis in the hippocampus of both young and old mice, said co-first author Dr. Prasanna Kandel, who was in the graduate program of Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences at Baylor while working on this project.

This oleic acid is produced within the neural stem cells in order to activate TLX.

While oleic acid is also the major component inolive oil, however, this would not be an effective source of oleic acid because it would likely not reach the brain, the researchers explained. It must be produced by the cells themselves.

The finding thatoleic acidregulates TLX activation has major therapeutic implications.

TLX has become a druggable target, meaning that knowing how it is activated naturally in the brain helps us to develop drugs capable of entering the brain and stimulating neurogenesis, Young said.

This strategy could potentially be used to treat diseases such as major depressive disorders and Alzheimers disease. This is incredibly exciting because it provides a new way of treating these debilitating diseases in need of effective treatments.

Beside the scientific progress, I am hopeful that the current findings and ongoing related work will have real impact on people who are in need of improved and effective therapies, like my mother who suffers from clinical depression, Kandel said.

Author: Press OfficeSource: Baylor College of MedicineContact: Press Office Baylor College of MedicineImage: The image is in the public domain

Original Research: The findings will appear in PNAS

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GENETICS 101 – Understanding Genetics – NCBI Bookshelf

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:12 am

Almost every human trait and disease has a genetic component, whether inherited orinfluenced by behavioral factors such as exercise. Genetic components can also modifythe bodys response to environmental factors such as toxins. Understanding theunderlying concepts of human genetics and the role of genes, behavior, and theenvironment is important for appropriately collecting and applying genetic and genomicinformation and technologies during clinical care. It is important in improving diseasediagnosis and treatment as well. This chapter provides fundamental information aboutbasic genetics concepts, including cell structure, the molecular and biochemical basisof disease, major types of genetic disease, laws of inheritance, and the impact ofgenetic variation.

Cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of every known livingorganism. Instructions needed to direct activities are contained within a DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence. DNA from all organisms is made up of the samechemical units (bases) called adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, abbreviatedas A, T, G, and C. In complementary DNA strands, A matches with T, and C with G, toform base pairs. The human genome (total composition of genetic material within acell) is packaged into larger units known as chromosomesphysically separatemolecules that range in length from about 50 to 250 million base pairs. Human cellscontain two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. Each cellnormally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, which consist of 22 autosomes (numbered 1through 22) and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). However, sperm and ovanormally contain half as much genetic material: only one copy of eachchromosome.

Each chromosome contains many genes, the basic physical and functional units ofheredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions for how tomake proteins. The DNA sequence is the particular side-by-side arrangement of basesalong the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). Each gene has a unique DNA sequence. Genescomprise only about 29 percent of the human genome; the remainder consists ofnon-coding regions, whose functions may include providing chromosomal structuralintegrity and regulating where, when, and in what quantity proteins are made. Thehuman genome is estimated to contain 20,000 to 25,000 genes.

Although each cell contains a full complement of DNA, cells use genes selectively.For example, the genes active in a liver cell differ from the genes active in abrain cell because each cell performs different functions and, therefore, requiresdifferent proteins. Different genes can also be activated during development or inresponse to environmental stimuli such as an infection or stress.

Many, if not most, diseases are caused or influenced by genetics. Genes, through theproteins they encode, determine how efficiently foods and chemicals are metabolized,how effectively toxins are detoxified, and how vigorously infections are targeted.Genetic diseases can be categorized into three major groups: single-gene,chromosomal, and multifactorial.

Changes in the DNA sequence of single genes, also known as mutations, cause thousandsof diseases. A gene can mutate in many ways, resulting in an altered protein productthat is unable to perform its normal function. The most common gene mutationinvolves a change or misspelling in a single base in the DNA.Other mutations include the loss (deletion) or gain (duplication or insertion) of asingle or multiple base(s). The altered protein product may still retain some normalfunction, but at a reduced capacity. In other cases, the protein may be totallydisabled by the mutation or gain an entirely new, but damaging, function. Theoutcome of a particular mutation depends not only on how it alters aproteins function, but also on how vital that particular protein is tosurvival. Other mutations, called polymorphisms, are natural variations in DNAsequence that have no adverse effects and are simply differences amongindividuals.

In addition to mutations in single genes, genetic diseases can be caused by largermutations in chromosomes. Chromosomal abnormalities may result from either the totalnumber of chromosomes differing from the usual amount or the physical structure of achromosome differing from the usual structure. The most common type of chromosomalabnormality is known as aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes due to anextra or missing chromosome. A usual karyotype (complete chromosome set) contains 46chromosomes including an XX (female) or an XY (male) sex chromosome pair. Structuralchromosomal abnormalities include deletions, duplications, insertions, inversions,or translocations of a chromosome segment. (See Appendix F for more information aboutchromosomal abnormalities.)

Multifactorial diseases are caused by a complex combination of genetic, behavioral,and environmental factors. Examples of these conditions include spina bifida,diabetes, and heart disease. Although multifactorial diseases can recur in families,some mutations such as cancer can be acquired throughout an individualslifetime. All genes work in the context of environment and behavior. Alterations inbehavior or the environment such as diet, exercise, exposure to toxic agents, ormedications can all influence genetic traits.

The basic laws of inheritance are useful in understanding patterns of diseasetransmission. Single-gene diseases are usually inherited in one of several patterns,depending on the location of the gene (e.g., chromosomes 1-22 or X and Y) andwhether one or two normal copies of the gene are needed for normal protein activity.Five basic modes of inheritance for single-gene diseases exist: autosomal dominant,autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, and mitochondria. (Seediagram on following page.)

All individuals are 99.9 percent the same genetically. The differences in thesequence of DNA among individuals, or genetic variation, explain some of thedifferences among people such as physical traits and higher or lower risk forcertain diseases. Mutations and polymorphisms are forms of genetic variation. Whilemutations are generally associated with disease and are relatively rare,polymorphisms are more frequent and their clinical significance is not asstraightforward. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, pronouncedsnips) are DNA sequence variations that occur when a singlenucleotide is altered. SNPs occur every 100 to 300 bases along the 3 billion-basehuman genome. A single individual may carry millions of SNPs.

Although some genetic variations may cause or modify disease risk, other changes mayresult in no increased risk or a neutral presentation. For example, genetic variantsin a single gene account for the different blood types: A, B, AB, and O.Understanding the clinical significance of genetic variation is a complicatedprocess because of our limited knowledge of which genes are involved in a disease orcondition and the multiple gene-gene and gene-behavior-environment interactionslikely to be involved in complex, chronic diseases. New technologies are enablingfaster and more accurate detection of genetic variants in hundreds or thousands ofgenes in a single process.

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GENETICS 101 - Understanding Genetics - NCBI Bookshelf

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Genetics: Introduction, law of inheritance and Sex …

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:12 am

Genetics is a branch of the biology involved with the studyheredity, its biological process, the study of genes, genome, cell cycle,heredity,inheritsgenesand lot more.

The exploration of the working and major codes of variation and heredity is termed as Genetics. The groundwork on which heredity stands is known as inheritance. It is defined as the procedure by which characteristics are handed down from one generation to the other. Gregor Johann Mendel is known as the Father of Modern Genetics for his discoveries on the basic principles of heredity.

Variation, as the name suggests is the amount of dissimilarity that exists in between children and their parentages. It can be determined to keep in view the behaviouristic, cytological, physiological, and morphological characters of individuals fitting into similar species.

Some of the major reasons that variation are

Let us have a detailed look at genetics notes to learn about genes and the principle of inheritance.

Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum) was the plant that Mendel experimented on for 7 years to get to the point to propose the laws of inheritance in live creatures. Mendel carefully chose seven distinct characteristics of Pisum Sativum for the investigation concerning hybridization. Mendel used true-breeding lines i.e. those that go through constant self-pollination and display steady characteristic heritance.

Also Read:Mendels Laws of Inheritance

When Mendel observed the monohybrid cross he proposed two laws of inheritance-

Law of Dominance Distinct elements termed as factors control the characteristics. These factors at all times exist as a couple. One of the constituent genes of the couple dominates over the former.

Law of Segregation Alleles dont blend and the two characteristics are recuperated all through the gamete formation (in the F2 generation). The characters apart from each other and pass on to diverse gametes. Comparable types of gametes are produced by Homozygous and heterozygous produces diverse sorts of a gamete with varied characteristics.

Also Refer:Principles of Heredity

Incomplete Dominance

It is the discovery that was done after Mendels work. Incomplete dominance is the situation in which both the alleles do not display a dominant trait resulting in a fine combination or a midway amid the characteristics of the alleles.

Explore more:Incomplete dominance

Codominance

When two alleles lack the dominant-recessive association and thus the duo affects the creature together.

Law of Independent Assortment

Separation of one set of the characteristic is autonomous of the other set of the characters when they are pooled in a hybrid.

The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Both genes and chromosomes exist in sets of two. The homologous chromosome contains the two alleles of a gene pair in the homologous sites. The coupling and split of a set of chromosomes will cause a split in the set of genes (factor) they carry. This united knowledge is termed as the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance.

Sex Determination

A particular nuclear arrangement was perceived by Henking. He perceived that this particular nuclear arrangement was found in only fifty per cent of sperms. He termed this body as x. Later it became clear that only Ovums that obtain only the x chromosome is born female and those that dont have such a case are born male. Thus, the X- chromosome was termed as sex chromosome and the remaining ones were termed as autosomes.

The occurrence due to which a modification in DNA happens and causes a variation in the phenotype and genotype of a creature is termed as a Mutation.

Explore more:Determination Of Sex

Genetic Disorders

Disorders of a Mendelian nature include:

Disorders of a chromosomal nature include:

Explore more:Chromosomal Abnormalities

Learn more in detail about Genetics, its importance, applications and other related topics @Byjus Biology

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Genetics: Introduction, law of inheritance and Sex ...

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Genetics and ulcerative colitis: What to know – Medical News Today

Posted: March 25, 2022 at 2:12 am

Ulcerative colitis (UC) appears to run in families, which suggests genes may play a role in the condition. There are also other triggers to consider, such as environmental factors and stress, which may determine if someone develops UC.

While the exact cause of UC for each individual is unknown, experts believe that it results from an abnormal immune response or changes in the protective barrier of the intestine.

There is also a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers. These may make a person more likely to develop an inappropriate immune response, resulting in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as UC or Crohns disease.

This article discusses the genetic factors linked with ulcerative colitis and other triggers that may set off the disease.

Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

UC is a form of IBD and is an autoimmune condition. A fault in the immune system may cause the body to mistakenly attack healthy cells and fight nonexistent infections viral or bacterial leading to chronic inflammation in the inner surface of the colon. This inflammation results in sores, which doctors refer to as ulcers, developing in the intestines.

Symptoms vary from person to person, but they generally include:

People with UC will have periods of active disease, known as flares, and periods of remission, when they may not experience any symptoms.

Learn more from our IBD hub about living with ulcerative colitis.

A 2017 study found 242 susceptibility loci DNA sequence for IBD. Experts associated 50 of these with very early onset inflammatory disease. A 2019 study also found six genes responsible for the progression of UC.

UC also shares a genetic architecture with multiple sclerosis, another autoimmune-mediated disease, according to a 2021 study.

There are also other factors linking genetics to an increased susceptibility to having UC, including:

A 2018 study stated that having a first-degree relative with UC such as a parent, sibling, or offspring, increases the risk of having UC within the family.

This study also demonstrates that 812% of people with IBD report a positive family history. Although, they concluded that Crohns disease may show a more frequent familial pattern than UC.

This study also described a cumulative effect, with the highest incidence reported in families where the disease affects three or more family members.

Since identical twins (monozygotic) share the same genetic material, twin studies help researchers understand which traits are due to genes and which are the result of environmental factors.

The risk for identical twins is significantly higher for Crohns than for UC. While in non-identical (dizygotic) twins the rates are lower for both forms of IBD.

The study also mentioned that children with parents who both have IBD have a higher risk.

The frequency of UC is much higher in certain ethnic groups.

The Ashkenazi Jewish population has a fourfold increased risk of IBD. Researchers considered to have a higher risk of IBD if a first, second, or more distant relative had a diagnosis of Crohns or UC.

IBD is also more common in white people than people of African and Asian descent.

However, a meta-analysis showed a higher incidence of UC in people of South Asian descent who had immigrated to the United Kingdom and Canada. In this instance, environmental factors may play a more significant role in determining UC than other triggers.

Generally, IBD affects males and females equally. However, those diagnosed with UC when older are more likely to be males.

However, research from 2019 suggests that UC is more common in males than in females. In addition, males are more likely to receive a diagnosis between 50 and 60 years old.

A persons environment seems to also play a role in increasing their risk of developing UC. Other triggers may relate to a persons health and treatments from a young age, lifestyle, and levels of stress a person may experience.

A study from 2017 demonstrated that people living in rural households might have a lower risk of both UC and Crohns than those in urban residences.

These comparisons of a persons environment relate to:

Smoking has a stronger link with Crohns disease than UC. However, a 2021 study found a 2.3-fold risk of UC in current smokers. Another 2021 study also found a potential positive association between UC and the age when a person started smoking.

Diet may also trigger UC. Research from 2019 shows the effects of one type of diet, the Western-style diet (WSD), on a persons likelihood of developing IBD. In the long term, the number of refined carbohydrates present in the WSD may alter the gut microbiota, increasing the risk for many diseases, including IBD.

The study showed that the fecal microbiota of people on a specific carbohydrate diet had a higher biodiversity index a healthier gut environment than people eating a WSD.

A 2021 study also found that a low-fat and high-fiber diet may reduce inflammation markers in UC, leading to improved quality of life.

Read about diets for people with UC here.

A 2016 study found a bi-directional relationship between stress and depression and IBD. A 2022 study also found that inflammation in the central nervous system can trigger depressive symptoms.

Experts believe that the gut-brain axis plays a crucial role in the disease progression and relapse of IBD symptoms.

Read more on UC and the gut-brain link here.

A 2016 study found that taking antibiotics in childhood and adolescence increases a persons risk of IBD, namely Crohns.

Both forms of IBD may also occur in people who drank breast milk as a baby because breast milk influences a childs microbiome.

Other possible triggers linked to UC include:

Doctors do not routinely request genetic testing to diagnose UC in current practice.

UC has no specific genetic test checks, especially since medical professionals associate many gene variations with the disease.

However, genetic markers show a great potential to identify the outlook and treatment outcomes of people with IBD. A 2019 study found genetic variants linked with medication side effects in people with IBD.

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition which may affect a persons quality of life.

It has no known cure. However, treatments can help induce remission and reduce the severity of its symptoms. Most people require ongoing medications and lifestyle changes, while some may need surgery.

Current studies aim to better understand the biological processes that drive the disease to develop strategies that can help prevent its progression.

Ulcerative colitis is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes put a person at risk of developing the disease. If a parent or sibling has UC this increases the risk of developing the condition within the family.

While it runs in families, it is crucial to understand that UC can occur in anyone, even in people with no family history of UC. There are other factors to consider, such as the environment someone grows up in, their lifestyle, factors such as stress and diet, along with other possible triggers.

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Genetics and ulcerative colitis: What to know - Medical News Today

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