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Category Archives: Stell Cell Genetics

Word Information – an English dictionary about English …

Posted: August 27, 2015 at 1:40 pm

Word Unit: a-, an- (Greek: prefix; no, absence of, without, lack of; not) Word Unit: ab- a (Latin: prefix; indicating electromagnetic units of the centimeter-gram-second system) Word Unit: abacus (Hebrew > Greek > Latin > Middle English: dust) Word Unit: abdomin-, abdomino-, abdomen- (Latin: belly, venter [the use of "stomach" is considered incorrect for this root word]; from Latin abdo-, to put away) Word Unit: -ability (Latin: suffix; expressing ability, capacity, fitness, or "that which may be easily handled or managed") Word Unit: -able (Latin: a suffix; expressing capacity, fitness to do that which can be handled or managed, suitable skills to accomplish something; capable of being done, something which can be finished, etc.) Word Unit: -ably (Latin: suffix; able manner, capably) Word Unit: abort-, aborti- (Latin: miscarry, pass away, perish by an untimely birth) Word Unit: About English Words (history of how, when, and why hundreds of words have entered the English language) Word Unit: abysso-, abyss-, abys- (Greek > Latin: Greek [abussoz], a-, "no" plus bussos, "bottom" through Latin [abyssus], "no bottom, bottomless") Word Unit: -ac (Greek > Latin: suffix; from French -aque, or directly from Latin -acus, from Greek -akos forming adjectives. This suffix was used to form names of arts and sciences in Greek and it is now generally used to form new names of sciences in English; meanings, "related to, of the nature of, pertaining to, referring to") Word Unit: academ- (Greek > Latin: [originally, Academus/Akademus, a name of a hero in Greek mythology; then it became a gymnasium near Athens where Plato taught]) Word Unit: accipit- (Latin: bird of prey, a hawk; hawk-like)

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Stem Cell Safety

Posted: August 17, 2015 at 1:40 am

Author: Ian Murnaghan BSc (hons), MSc - Updated: 13 November 2013 | Comment

It is an unfortunate reality that the therapies often holding the most potential also carry numerous queries regarding their safety. Stem cells are one such topic of concern - their potential to treat disease is exciting but their safety concerns have kept them from being approved for many treatments, despite their initial indications of promising success.

Clearly, stem cell safety must be scrutinised and assessed throughout the entire treatment or research process. Guidelines and strategies must also be developed to ensure that every aspect of stem cell use - from identification and isolation of stem cells to stem cell transplant - is stringently coordinated. Stem cell lines must be adequately screened for disease and the sources must be examined in depth. If doctors and scientists can establish safe protocols for stem cell use, everyone can benefit from the full potential of the remarkable and possibly life-saving stem cell therapies.

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Therapeutic Cloning – Explore Stem Cells

Posted: August 17, 2015 at 1:40 am

Author: Ian Murnaghan BSc (hons), MSc - Updated: 14 August 2015 | Comment

When people think of the word 'cloning' they are often hit with frightening images of duplicate human beings being created in somewhat of a mad scientist style experiment. In fact, many members of the public were outraged when "Dolly" the sheep resulted from a cloning experiment in Scotland.

Therapeutic cloning, however, is entirely different and does not involve the creation of a perfectly copied human being. It is reproductive cloning that results in a copy of a specific human being. In therapeutic cloning, no sperm fertilisation is involved nor is there implantation into the uterus to create a child.

Therapeutic cloning is also important to enhancing our understanding of stem cells and how they and other cells develop. This understanding can hopefully lead to new treatments or cures for some of the common diseases affecting people today. In addition, the procedure would allow for scientists to create stem cell therapies that are patient specific and perfectly matched for the patient's medical condition.

Therapeutic cloning does result in the destruction of an embryo after stem cells are extracted and this destruction has stirred controversy over the morality of the procedure. Some argue that the pros outweigh the cons with regards to treating disease whilst others have likened the destruction to an abortion. Still others state that this doesn't change the fact the embryo could potentially be a human being and so destruction of the embryo is no different than destruction of a human life.

Because reproductive cloning does utilise SCNT as the primary step, there is also still fear that given our knowledge base to perform reproductive cloning, a scientist may attempt to move beyond therapeutic cloning to creation of a human being.

To this date, no human being has been successfully cloned but the possibility of this occurring is a frightening one not only for the general public and policy makers, but also for most of the ethical scientific field. The majority of scientists are adamantly opposed to reproductive cloning and instead, support therapeutic cloning for Treating Disease. With policies and careful monitoring in place to ensure that therapeutic cloning is used responsibly, we can all benefit from the potential of this procedure to eventually treat, or perhaps one day cure, many diseases.

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Therapeutic Cloning - Explore Stem Cells

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Torben Bech-Hansen, PhD Department of Medical Genetics …

Posted: August 7, 2015 at 8:41 am

Jalkanen, R., N. T. Bech-Hansen, R. Tobias, M. Mntyjrvi, H. Forsius, A. de la Chapelle, T. Alitalo. 2007. Anovel CACNA1F gene mutation causes land Island eye disease. IOVS, 48:2498-2502

Orton, N.C., A.M. Innes, A. Chudley, N.T. Bech-Hansen. 2008. Unique disease heritage of the Dutch-German Mennonite population. Am. J. Med. Genet., 146A:1072-1087.

Ramasubbu, R., R. Tobias,N.T.Bech-Hansen. 2008. Extended Evaluation of Serotonin Transporter Gene Functional Polymorphisms in Subjects with Post-Stroke Depression.Can. J. Psychiatry, 53, 198-201.

Raven, Mary, Noelle Orton, Hadi Nassar, Gary A. Williams, William Stell, Gerald H. Jacobs, N. Torben Bech-Hansen, Benjamin E. Reese. 2008. Afferent Control of Horizontal Cell Morphology: Dissecting the Roles of Pedicle Formation and Visual Activity.J. Comparative Neurology, 506:745758

Jacobson SG, Cideciyan AV, Aleman TS, Sumaroka A, Roman AJ, Gardner LM, Prosser, HM, Mishra M, Bech-Hansen NT, Herrera W, Schwartz SB, Liu XZ, Kimberling WJ, Stell KP, Williams DS,. 2008. Usher Syndrome due to MYO7A, PCDH15, USH2A or GPR98 mutations share retinal disease mechanism. Hum Mol Gen. 17:2405 - 15. Epub 2008 May 7.

Cummings, KJ, C. Klotz, W-Q Li, L. Marazita, E.M. Berry-Kravis, R. Tobias, C. Goldie, D.E. Weese-Mayer, N.T. Bech-Hansen and R.J.A. Wilson. 2009 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in African Americans: polymorphisms in the gene encoding the stress peptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Acta Paediatrica, 98:482-489.

Lodha, N, S. Bonfield, N.C. Orton, C.J. Doering, J.E. McRory, S.C. Mema, R. Rehak, Y. Sauve, R. Tobias, W.K. Stell and N.T. Bech-Hansen. 2009 Congential stationary night blindness in mice - a tale of two Cacna1f mutants. J. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. In the press.

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Cedric Blanpain Lab – People

Posted: August 3, 2015 at 3:47 pm

Cedric Blanpain graduated as a Medical Doctor (1995), received his PhD in Medical Sciences (2001) and was board certified in internal medicine (2002) at the Universit Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium. Cedric performed a postdoctoral training in the laboratory of Elaine Fuchs, at the Rockefeller University, New York, USA from 2002 to 2006.

Cedric Blanpain is full professor of Stem Cell and Development Biology and investigator of the WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life science and Biotechnology) at the IRIBHM, Universit Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). His research group is studying the mechanism regulating stem cell fate decision during embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and repair as well as the implication of stem cells during cancer initiation and growth.

Cedric Blanpain received several prestigious awards and fellowships including the career development award of the HFSP, EMBO young investigator, ERC starting grant, Outstanding Young Investigator Award of the International Society of Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) and is an EMBO member since 2012.

The Belgian FNRS, Fondation Contre Le Cancer, Fond Ithier, Region Wallone, Region Bruxelles-Capitale, the Human Science Frontier Program Organization, the EMBO young investigator program, and the European Research Council support his research.

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Cedric Blanpain Lab - People

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Autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for progressive …

Posted: August 3, 2015 at 3:47 pm

Nath U, Ben-Shlomo Y, Thomson RG, Morris HR, Wood NW, Lees AJ, Burn DJ: The prevalence of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome) in the UK.

Brain 2001, 124:1438-1449.

Bower JH, Maraganore DM, McDonnell SK, Rocca WA: Incidence of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976 to 1990.

Neurology 1997, 49:1284-1288.

Ludolph AC, et al.: Tauopathies with parkinsonism: clinical spectrum, neuropathologic basis, biological markers and treatment options.

Eur J Neurol 2009, 16:297-309.

Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D, Campbell G, Dubois B, Duvoisin RC, Goetz CG, Golbe LI, Grafman J, Growdon JH, Hallett M, Jankovic J, Quinn NP, Tolosa E, Zee DS: Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop.

Neurology 1996, 47:1-9.

Litvan I, Campbell G, Mangone CA, Verny M, McKee A, Chaudhuri KR, Jellinger K, Pearce RK, DOlhaberriague L: Which clinical features differentiate progressive supranuclear palsy (SteeleRichardsonOlszewski syndrome) from related disorders? A clinicopathological study.

Brain 1997, 120:65-74.

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Autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for progressive ...

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Feedback Loops by Helga Kolb Webvision

Posted: July 22, 2015 at 3:45 pm

Helga Kolb

1. General characteristics.

At every level of the retina there are reciprocal or feed-back loops in the circuitry so that certain neurons can interact laterally within the same layer, vertically from one layer to the other and indeed from the brain to the retina. The intra-layer feed-back loops are typically provided by neurons that use inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA, and have a function in sharpening the image by adding lateral inhibition or antagonism to receptive fields of the neurons, while the feed-back loops between the layers or from the brain are less clear in function. The latter loops tend to use neuromodulators as their transmitters and thereby have a more generalized effect on groups of neurons, or on the state of excitability of the neuron chains (adaptation for example).

2. Feedback in the outer retina.

As mentioned in previous chapters, it has been well demonstrated in turtle and fish retinas that cones receive an antagonistic reciprocal feed-back message from horizontal cells (Baylor et al., 1971), which serves to provide a restricted concentric receptive field for the individual cones. Evidence for feed-back synapses have been difficult to demonstrate either electrophysiologically or morphologically in the cones of the mammalian retinas. However, the rod axon terminals of HI horizontal cells ending in the rod spherules are seen to make small punctate chemical synapses, consisting a small cluster of vesicles at a single dense projection in the membrane, upon both the rod spherule (Fig. 2 and 3) and upon the rod bipolar cell dendrite (not illustrated) in human retina (Linberg and Fisher, 1988). A similar appearing small cluster of vesicles is occasionally seen in horizontal cell dendrites in the cone pedicle triads in human retina too (Fig. 1 and 3).

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Feedback Loops by Helga Kolb Webvision

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JAX Mice Database – 005557 NOD.Cg-Prkdc Il2rg

Posted: July 22, 2015 at 3:45 pm

Agliano A; Martin-Padura I; Mancuso P; Marighetti P; Rabascio C; Pruneri G; Shultz LD; Bertolini F. 2008. Human acute leukemia cells injected in NOD/LtSz-scid/IL-2Rgamma null mice generate a faster and more efficient disease compared to other NOD/scid-related strains. Int J Cancer 123(9):2222-7. [PubMed: 18688847] [MGI Ref ID J:142410]

Banerjee P; Tripp A; Lairmore MD; Crawford L; Sieburg M; Ramos JC; Harrington W Jr; Beilke MA; Feuer G. 2010. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development in HTLV-1-infected humanized SCID mice. Blood 115(13):2640-8. [PubMed: 20124219] [MGI Ref ID J:162610]

Boitano AE; Wang J; Romeo R; Bouchez LC; Parker AE; Sutton SE; Walker JR; Flaveny CA; Perdew GH; Denison MS; Schultz PG; Cooke MP. 2010. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonists promote the expansion of human hematopoietic stem cells. Science 329(5997):1345-8. [PubMed: 20688981] [MGI Ref ID J:167433]

Chen Q; Khoury M; Chen J. 2009. Expression of human cytokines dramatically improves reconstitution of specific human-blood lineage cells in humanized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A :. [PubMed: 19966223] [MGI Ref ID J:155817]

Distler E; Wolfel C; Kohler S; Nonn M; Kaus N; Schnurer E; Meyer RG; Wehler TC; Huber C; Wolfel T; Hartwig UF; Herr W. 2008. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones rapidly expanded from CD8(+) CD62L((high)+) T cells of healthy donors prevent AML engraftment in NOD/SCID IL2Rgamma(null) mice. Exp Hematol 36(4):451-63. [PubMed: 18261837] [MGI Ref ID J:150330]

Doulatov S; Notta F; Eppert K; Nguyen LT; Ohashi PS; Dick JE. 2010. Revised map of the human progenitor hierarchy shows the origin of macrophages and dendritic cells in early lymphoid development. Nat Immunol 11(7):585-93. [PubMed: 20543838] [MGI Ref ID J:162608]

Giassi LJ; Pearson T; Shultz LD; Laning J; Biber K; Kraus M; Woda BA; Schmidt MR; Woodland RT; Rossini AA; Greiner DL. 2008. Expanded CD34+ human umbilical cord blood cells generate multiple lymphohematopoietic lineages in NOD-scid IL2rgamma(null) mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 233(8):997-1012. [PubMed: 18653783] [MGI Ref ID J:150337]

Goldstein AS; Huang J; Guo C; Garraway IP; Witte ON. 2010. Identification of a cell of origin for human prostate cancer. Science 329(5991):568-71. [PubMed: 20671189] [MGI Ref ID J:162606]

Gorantla S; Makarov E; Finke-Dwyer J; Gebhart CL; Domm W; Dewhurst S; Gendelman HE; Poluektova LY. 2010. CD8+ cell depletion accelerates HIV-1 immunopathology in humanized mice. J Immunol 184(12):7082-91. [PubMed: 20495069] [MGI Ref ID J:161304]

Hayakawa J; Hsieh MM; Uchida N; Phang O; Tisdale JF. 2009. Busulfan produces efficient human cell engraftment in NOD/LtSz-Scid IL2Rgamma(null) mice. Stem Cells 27(1):175-82. [PubMed: 18927475] [MGI Ref ID J:150336]

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JAX Mice Database - 005557 NOD.Cg-Prkdc Il2rg

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Reduction of Aeromonas hidrophyla biofilm on stainless …

Posted: July 18, 2015 at 4:45 pm

Abstract

This study demonstrates the possibility of using sanitizing detergents based on natural products for the elimination and/or reduction of Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm formed on stainless steel surfaces. The goal of this work was to determine the reduction effect of sanitizing detergents containing essential oils of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) on biofilm formed by A. hydrophila on AISI 304 stainless steel coupons, using UHT skimmed milk as substratum. There was adhesion and biofilm formation by A. hydrophila at 28 C, presenting 7.60 log cfu.cm2 after the fourth day of cultivation. There was no significant difference between the lemongrass treatment and that of the thyme oil (p < 0.05). However, both treatments significantly reduced the biofilm, differing significantly from the NaOH control (p > 0.05). The treatment with lemongrass solution reduced the biofilm by 4.51 log cfu cm2 at 25 C. The thyme detergent also reduced the number of cfu cm2 by 3.84 log cycles at 25 C. The use of the lemongrass and thyme solutions efficiently reduced the A. hydrophila biofilm.

Keywords: Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, natural disinfectants, sanitation

Aeromonas hydrophila is recognized for its capacity to produce several virulence factors such as cytotoxins and enterotoxins and adhesion capacity. These factors can cause hemolysis and allow the invasion of epithelial cells (Prigent-Combaret and Lejeune, 1999) causing gastroenteritis in humans. Due to its aquatic origin, it presents a ubiquitous distribution in the environment, being able to present itself in the most varied types of animal products and vegetables, such as fish and meat and its derivatives or any food that comes in contact with water (Trombetta et al., 2005). A. hydrophila is a gram-negative, facultative aerobic, not spore former, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and has an optimum development temperature of 28 C (Joseph and Carnahan, 2003; Lafarge et al., 2004). Due to presence of polar and lateral flagella, this bacterium presents mobility and adhesion and biofilm formation capacity (Gavn et al., 2002).

Biofilms are complex microbiologic ecosystems embedded in matrixes of organic polymers adhered to a surface. Once established, sessile bacteria express genes in a model that differs greatly from that of planktonic bacteria, leading to phenotypic changes (Prigent-Combaret and Lejeune, 1999). One of those outstanding properties is the increase of sessile cell resistance to host defenses, biocides, antibiotics and various physiochemical agents (Costerton, 2005; Rota et al., 2008). Therefore, biofilm cells can persist and survive even after sanitization processes, representing a possible source of food contamination and subsequent food poisoning in humans and animals (Chavant et al., 2007). A large number of studies aiming to find effective elimination and biofilm control strategies have been published (Gandhi and Chikindas, 2007), demonstrating the necessity of obtaining new products with biocide action, seeking the elimination of microbial biofilms and their effective control in food industries.

The interest in natural antimicrobial compounds has been growing due to the changes of consumer attitude toward the use of synthetic food preservation, detergents and sanitizers which possess negative impacts on the environment (Danielsen et al., 2008; Lebert et al., 2007). Thus, the use of essential oils stands out. The action mechanisms of essential oils are little known. Considering the great number of different groups of chemical compounds present in such oils, it is observed that their antibacterial activity is not attributed to a single specific mechanism, which leads to the conclusion that they target several processes in the microbial cell (Mondello et al., 2003; Ogunwande et al., 2005; Suen et al., 2003).

The species Cymbopogon citratus (A.D.) Stapf., belonging to the family Poaceae (Gramineae), is popularly known by more than 20 names, among these lemongrass, grass-saint lemon verbena, fragrant grass, cidreira grass, lesser citronella and true cidreira herb (Cardoso et al., 2000). The most expressive economical use of C. citratus is the production of its essential oil, rich in citral and widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries (Cardoso et al., 2000). Studies suggest that the antibacterial activity of C. citratus oil is mainly due to the and -citral components present in it (Oliveira et al., 2010). Besides C. citratus, the genus Thymus encompasses numerous species and varieties, which have had their essential oils studied (Martins et al., 2004; Onawunmi et al., 1984; Sotomayor et al., 2008). Its essential oil is rich in timol, presenting traces of carvacrol, scientifically recognized potent bactericides and fungicides (Essawi and Srour, 2000). More recent studies prove the antibacterial activity of T. vulgaris as being effective against gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria (Barbosa et al., 2009).

Aimed at discovering alternate forms of eliminating biofilms formed by A. hydrophila on stainless steel surfaces, this work evaluated the sanitizing capacity of sodium hydroxide solutions enhanced with the essential oils of C. citratus and T. vulgaris.

Aeromonas hydrophila ATCC 27853 was employed. The growth curves were prepared for standardization of the colony-forming units count. Aliquot of pure cultures (10 L) were transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 L of BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) broth and incubated at 28 C. Growth was monitored every hour through spectrophotometry (620 nm). The absorbance readings were taken periodically, until 109 cfu mL1 were obtained.

Dried leaves of C. citratus were used, obtained from the Medicinal Plant Nursery of the Federal University of Lavras, (UFLA). The collection was conducted from 8 to 9 oclock in the morning, on sunny days, in September of 2009, under a temperature of approximately 20 C. The T. vulgaris dry leaves were acquired from the local commerce of Lavras, MG, Brazil.

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Stem Cells – Times Topics

Posted: June 3, 2015 at 7:46 pm

Dec. 20, 2014

Government-backed Japanese institute Riken accepts resignation of Haruko Obokata, one of its highest-profile scientists, after she fails to replicate research results that were once hailed as breakthrough in stem cell research. MORE

Experimental stem cell procedures, once talked about but not put into practice, are starting to be used in trial settings; as many as 4,500 clinical trials involving stem cells are under way in United States to treat patients with conditions such as heart disease, blindness, Parkinson's and spinal cord injury; enthusiasm for such procedures, however, sometimes outstrips supporting science. MORE

Colleagues of Yoshiki Sasai, leading Japanese life science researcher, say he has taken his own life; Sasai was co-author of discredited stem cell study published in journal Nature that was retracted due to factual errors and allegations of misconduct. MORE

Journal Nature retracts two scientific papers it published that initially electrified biologists by describing easy way to make stem cells; says papers were error-filled and had not been verified by anyone else. MORE

Op-Ed article by evolutionary geneticist Svante Paabo warns against using sequenced genomes of Neanderthals to re-create Neanderthal individuals; contends from an ethical perspective such an idea should be condemned, and argues that using stem cells to create cells and tissues in test tubes for research is far more ethically defensible and technically feasible. MORE

Scientists, reporting in journal Cell Stem Cell, move step closer to goal of creating stem cells perfectly matched to a patients DNA in order to treat diseases; say they have created patient-specific cell lines for 'therapeutic cloning' out of skin cells of two adult men. MORE

Japanese research institute concludes that study published in journal Nature that was once hailed as breakthrough in creating stem cells contains fabricated and doctored images that cast doubt on its findings; singles out study's lead author Haruko Obokata, stem cell biologist, saying she had altered or misrepresented illustrations in her research papers. MORE

Japanese research institute acknowledges that study billed as breakthrough in stem cell research contained spliced image, material recycled from lead author's doctoral thesis, and other mistakes; disclosure threatens to discredit newly acclaimed researcher Haruko Obokata, whose team found that simple acid bath might turn cells in the body into stem cells; findings appeared in journal Nature. MORE

Teruhiko Wakayama, one of the authors of startling study that claimed to have found a simple way to make stem cells, says he is no longer sure of its conclusions; calls for its retraction. MORE

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